{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T22:57:30Z","timestamp":1784588250401,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["project number 20-32-70134 (agreement 20-32-70134\\19)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project number 20-32-70134 (agreement 20-32-70134\\19)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This paper demonstrates the use of optical diagnostic methods to assess the dynamic skin changes observed in acute and chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in vivo. Methods: Firstly, in order to initiate photoaging (chronic UV exposure), animals (n = 40) were divided into two groups: chronic UV exposure (n = 30), and control (n = 10; without irradiation). Photoaging in animals was induced by chronic repeated exposure to UVA radiation three times per week, for 12 weeks continuously, while the UV dose increased stepwise over the course of the experiment (55 minimal erythema doses (MED) in total). Laser fluorescence spectroscopy (LFS), optical tissue oximetry (OTO), laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the shaved dorsum skin were performed regularly, once per week until the conclusion of the study. At 0, 5, and 12 weeks of the experiment, histological examination of animal tissues using hematoxylin\/eosin and Masson\u2019s trichrome staining was performed. At the second stage, erythema was induced in mice (n = 15) by acute UV exposure at high doses. The colorimetric assay of the image from a digital RGB camera was used to evaluate the erythema index. Results: The tissue content index \u03b7collagen of collagen was appropriate for the characterization of skin photoaging. Significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in \u03b7collagen were found between the control and photoaging groups from the 5th to the 9th week of the experiment. In addition, the rate of collagen degradation in the control group was about half that of the photoaging group. This marker allows the differentiation of photo- and chronoaging. OCT revealed the main optical layers of the skin in compliance with the histological pattern. The analysis of the RGB camera images provided visualization of the acute skin reaction to UV radiation. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the applicability of optical methods for the quantitative assessment of acute and chronic skin effects of UV exposure in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11081464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T22:14:36Z","timestamp":1628806476000},"page":"1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Methods of Non-Invasive In Vivo Optical Diagnostics in the Assessment of Structural Changes in the Skin Induced by Ultraviolet Exposure in an Experimental Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kulikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Research, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (\u201cMONIKI\u201d), 129110 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Moscow Region State University, 141014 Mytishi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2506-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Makmatov-Rys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical and Physics Research, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (\u201cMONIKI\u201d), 129110 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Raznitsyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical and Physics Research, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (\u201cMONIKI\u201d), 129110 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8830-7503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina","family":"Glazkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical and Physics Research, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (\u201cMONIKI\u201d), 129110 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7741-5085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Gerzhik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical and Physics Research, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (\u201cMONIKI\u201d), 129110 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Glazkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical and Physics Research, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (\u201cMONIKI\u201d), 129110 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoriya","family":"Andreeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (\u201cMONIKI\u201d), 129110 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darya","family":"Kassina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical and Physics Research, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (\u201cMONIKI\u201d), 129110 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Rogatkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical and Physics Research, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (\u201cMONIKI\u201d), 129110 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.011","article-title":"Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation: A brief review","volume":"92","author":"Gallagher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12145","article-title":"Mechanisms and treatments of photoaging","volume":"31","author":"Poon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.05.010","article-title":"Photoaging: Mechanisms and repair","volume":"55","author":"Rabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp00182k","article-title":"Solar UV damage to cellular DNA: From mechanisms to biological effects","volume":"17","author":"Mullenders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2741\/matsumur","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of photocarcinogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Matsumura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgl191","article-title":"Analysis of skin cancer risk factors in immunosuppressed renal transplant patients shows high levels of UV-specific tandem CC to TT mutations of the p53 gene","volume":"28","author":"Queille","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.024","article-title":"A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma","volume":"150","author":"Hodis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08658","article-title":"A comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from a human cancer genome","volume":"463","author":"Pleasance","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2001.01047.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet light induced injury: Immunological and inflammatory effects","volume":"79","author":"Clydesdale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1259\/arr.1907.0040","article-title":"The Action of Uviol Light on the Skin, and its Therapeutic Use in Dermatology","volume":"12","author":"Stein","year":"1907","journal-title":"Arch. Roentgen Ray"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1931.01450010455012","article-title":"Treatment of psoriasis: Continued observations on the use of crude coal tar and ultraviolet light","volume":"24","author":"Goeckerman","year":"1931","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Syphilol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-020-00290-6","article-title":"Phototherapy: A Review and Update of Treatment Options in Dermatology","volume":"9","author":"Krenitsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e50175","article-title":"Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) testing","volume":"75","author":"Heckman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.98096","article-title":"Ultrasonographic assessment of skin structure according to age","volume":"78","author":"Crisan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16466","article-title":"Structural skin changes in elderly people investigated by reflectance confocal microscopy","volume":"34","author":"Cinotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.08.021","article-title":"Skin aging: In Vivo microscopic assessment of epidermal and dermal changes by means of confocal microscopy","volume":"68","author":"Longo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.08.016","article-title":"Fluorescence spectroscopy in the visible range for the assessment of UVB radiation effects in hairless mice skin","volume":"20","author":"Nogueira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97031W","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2209690","article-title":"Assessing the photoaging process at sun exposed and non-exposed skin using fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy","volume":"9703","author":"Nogueira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00377.x","article-title":"Endogenous Skin Fluorescence Includes Bands that may Serve as Quantitative Markers of Aging and Photoaging","volume":"111","author":"Kollias","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.102127","article-title":"Skin erythema and pigmentation: A review of optical assessment techniques","volume":"33","author":"Abdlaty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70229-2","article-title":"The ultraviolet-irradiated hairless mouse: A model for photoaging","volume":"21","author":"Kligman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02194.x","article-title":"The hairless mouse model of photoaging: Evaluation of the relationship between dermal elastin, collagen, skin thickness and wrinkles","volume":"56","author":"Moloney","year":"1992","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12388","article-title":"New insights in photoaging, UVA induced damage and skin types","volume":"23","author":"Battie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2009.00634.x","article-title":"Noninvasive Assessment of UV-induced Skin Damage: Comparison of Optical Measurements to Histology and MMP Expression","volume":"86","author":"Papazoglou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2010.07.014","article-title":"Chemical and photochemical degradation of human hair: A free-volume microprobe study","volume":"101","author":"Chandrashekara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2021, July 01). Johns Hopkins University Animal Care and Use: Policies and Guidelines. Available online: https:\/\/web.jhu.edu\/animalcare\/policies\/."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1364\/JOT.82.000810","article-title":"Use of fluorescence spectroscopy for diagnosis of hypoxia and inflammatory processes in tissue","volume":"82","author":"Petritskaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Opt. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/05704920600929498","article-title":"Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Biological Tissues\u2014A Review","volume":"41","author":"Bachmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smirnova, O.D., Rogatkin, D.A., and Litvinova, K.S. (2012). Collagen as in vivo quantitative fluorescent biomarkers of abnormal tissue changes. J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793545812500101"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogatkin, D.A., Lapaeva, L.G., Petritskaya, E.N., Sidorov, V.V., and Shumskiy, V.I. (, January 14\u201318). Multifunctional Laser Noninvasive Spectroscopic System for Medical Diagnostics and Metrological Provisions for That. Proceedings of the SPIE-OSA Biomedical Optics (Optical Society of America 2009), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1364\/ECBO.2009.7368_1Y"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"CD013189","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography for diagnosing skin cancer in adults","volume":"12","author":"Dinnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12468","article-title":"OCT image atlas of healthy skin on sun-exposed areas","volume":"24","author":"Fotouhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701001","article-title":"Narrow-band UVB induces more carcinogenic skin tumors than broad-band UVB through the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer","volume":"127","author":"Kunisada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(96)07454-4","article-title":"Biological effects of narrow-band (311 nm TL01) UVB irradiation: A review","volume":"38","author":"Norval","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.10242","article-title":"Characterization of port wine stain skin erythema and melanin content using cross-polarized diffuse reflectance imaging","volume":"34","author":"Jung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2004.00204.x","article-title":"Non-invasive measurements of skin pigmentation in situ","volume":"17","author":"Stamatas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-9959(97)00183-9","article-title":"EEMCO guidance for the assessment of skin colour","volume":"10","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, R.W.G., and Pointer, M.R. (2011). Measuring Colour, John Wiley & Sons. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119975595"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2013.1433","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of hydroxysafflor yellow a on mouse skin photoaging induced by ultraviolet irradiation","volume":"16","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24430","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703570200","article-title":"Heme Induces Neutrophil Migration and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation through Signaling Pathways Characteristic of Chemotactic Receptors","volume":"282","author":"Porto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02032430","article-title":"Fluorescence spectra and microscopic imaging of porphyrins in single cells and tissues","volume":"4","author":"Schneckenburger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Laser Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makmatov-Rys, M.B., Raznitsyna, I.A., Mosalskaya, D.V., Bobrov, M.A., Ivleva, A.L., Sekirin, A.B., Kaznacheeva, E.V., Gureeva, M.A., Molochkov, A.V., and Rogatkin, D.A. (2020). Application of laser fluorescence spectroscopy in non-invasive assessment of ultraviolet-induced skin immune response in vivo. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1560.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1560\/1\/012075"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670100016005","article-title":"In vivo fluorescence of human skin. A potential marker of photoaging","volume":"124","author":"Leffell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.1030","article-title":"Quantifying Age-Related Changes in Skin Wound Metabolism Using In Vivo Multiphoton Microscopy","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-131778","article-title":"Laser Doppler flux measurement for the assessment of cutaneous microcirculation\u2014Critical remarks","volume":"55","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15830-7","article-title":"Allometric scaling of skin thickness, elasticity, viscoelasticity to mass for micro-medical device translation: From mice, rats, rabbits, pigs to humans","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1159\/000091823","article-title":"Age-Related Changes of the Cutaneous Microcirculation in vivo","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.136465","article-title":"Green tea polyphenols provide photoprotection, increase microcirculation, and modulate skin properties of women","volume":"141","author":"Heinrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambichler, T., Matip, R., Moussa, G., Altmeyer, P., and Hoffmann, K. In vivo data of epidermal thickness evaluated by optical coherence tomography: Effects of age, gender, skin type, and anatomic site. J. Dermatol. Sci., 2006 44, 145\u2013152.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2006.09.008"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1562\/2005-12-21-RA-757","article-title":"A comparative pilotstudy on ultraviolet-induced skin changes assessed by noninvasive imaging techniques in vivo","volume":"82","author":"Gambichler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1069-4","article-title":"Optical features for chronological aging and photoaging skin by optical coherence tomography","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1562\/2005-08-02-TSN-635","article-title":"Quantification of UV-induced erythema and pigmentation using computer-assisted digital image evaluation","volume":"82","author":"Coelho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19463","article-title":"Quantification of skin sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation using ultrawideband optoacoustic mesoscopy","volume":"184","author":"Hindelang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/8\/1464\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:04Z","timestamp":1760165104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/8\/1464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11081464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11081464","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]}}}