{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:50:23Z","timestamp":1791327023707,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: Incarcerated gravid uterus is a rare obstetrical complication that leads to adverse outcomes, especially if the uterus remains incarcerated and the condition goes undiagnosed until delivery. However, there is no consensus regarding the optimal management of this complication because of its rarity. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the incidence of incarcerated gravid uterus, as well as its natural courses and perinatal outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients who had incarcerated gravid uterus and managed at Osaka City University Hospital between April 2011 and March 2021. Incarcerated gravid uterus was defined as a retroverted or retroflexed uterus after 16 weeks of gestation. Results: There were 14 incarcerated cases among 6958 pregnant women, and 13 of them had some kind of gynecological complication and\/or history. Spontaneous resolution of incarcerated gravid uterus after 16 gestational weeks was observed in six cases before the late second trimester and five cases at the late second trimester to early third trimester. Three cases remained incarcerated at term or near-term. One case with adenomyosis had severe abdominal pain, although it was difficult to ascertain whether the cause of pain was triggered by adenomyosis and\/or incarceration. One case was misdiagnosed as placenta previa, and the uterine cervix was subsequently injured during cesarean delivery, resulting in massive hemorrhaging. Conclusions: Approximately 1 in 2300 pregnancies continued to be in an incarcerated condition at term or near-term, and 78.5% of cases showed a spontaneous resolution after 16 weeks of gestation. Expectant management with careful attention to the incarcerated gravid uterus may be one option in situations where there are no severe symptoms related to the incarceration itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:19:26Z","timestamp":1629937166000},"page":"1544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Incarcerated Gravid Uterus: Spontaneous Resolution Is Not Rare"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9268-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Tachibana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Misugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Kitada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mie","family":"Tahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Hamuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akemi","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4567-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayasu","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Incarceration of the retroverted gravid uterus with sacculation","volume":"43","author":"Fadel","year":"1974","journal-title":"Obstet. 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