{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:56:02Z","timestamp":1792040162793,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grant for New Scholar","award":["MRG6280087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRG6280087"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional methods such as microscopy have been used to diagnose parasitic diseases and medical conditions related to arthropods for many years. Some techniques are considered gold standard methods. However, their limited sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, and the need for costly reagents and high-skilled technicians are critical problems. New tools are therefore continually being developed to reduce pitfalls. Recently, three state-of-the-art techniques have emerged: DNA barcoding, geometric morphometrics, and artificial intelligence. Here, data related to the three approaches are reviewed. DNA barcoding involves an analysis of a barcode sequence. It was used to diagnose medical parasites and arthropods with 95.0% accuracy. However, this technique still requires costly reagents and equipment. Geometric morphometric analysis is the statistical analysis of the patterns of shape change of an anatomical structure. Its accuracy is approximately 94.0\u2013100.0%, and unlike DNA barcoding, costly reagents and equipment are not required. Artificial intelligence technology involves the analysis of pictures using well-trained algorithms. It showed 98.8\u201399.0% precision. All three approaches use computer programs instead of human interpretation. They also have the potential to be high-throughput technologies since many samples can be analyzed at once. However, the limitation of using these techniques in real settings is species coverage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T09:27:57Z","timestamp":1629970077000},"page":"1545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["State-of-the-Art Techniques for Diagnosis of Medical Parasites and Arthropods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3732-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pichet","family":"Ruenchit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bhaibulaya, M. (2017). Host-parasite relationship. Medical Helminthology, Wattanakijpanich Publishers. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2018-0439","article-title":"Host-directed therapies for parasitic diseases","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12796","article-title":"Intestinal parasites in hemodialysis patients from developing countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Taghipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.5372\/1905-7415.0806.357","article-title":"National survey of helminthiasis in Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Wongsaroj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Biomed."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"6073","article-title":"Prevalence of parasitic infections in patients at Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mahidol University","volume":"45","author":"Chonsawat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Tech. Assoc. Thail."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldridge, B.F., and Edman, J.D. (2004). Introduction to medical entomology. Medical Entomology: A Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods, Kluwer Academic Publishers. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1009-2"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.26719\/2009.15.5.1105","article-title":"Risk factors for scabies among male soldiers in Pakistan: Case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Raza","year":"2009","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06847-5","article-title":"Pediculosis capitis among school-age students worldwide as an emerging public health concern: A systematic review and meta-analysis of past five decades","volume":"119","author":"Ahmadpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v15i2.12","article-title":"Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis and Hymenolepis nana in Afghan refugee population of Mianwali district, Pakistan","volume":"15","author":"Haq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"101298","article-title":"Paragonimiasis: A missed diagnosis from Nepal","volume":"31","author":"Shrivastav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-199508000-00015","article-title":"Furuncular myiasis from Dermatobia hominis infestation. Diagnosis by light microscopy","volume":"17","author":"Baker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-014-0434-9","article-title":"Recent advances in clinical parasitology diagnostics","volume":"16","author":"Yansouni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Garcia, L.S. (2001). Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, ASM Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.5.1082-1084.1990","article-title":"Evaluation of direct wet mount parasitological examination of preserved fecal specimens","volume":"28","author":"Neimeister","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.18.4.786-788.1983","article-title":"Method for concentration of parasites from small amounts of feces","volume":"18","author":"Levine","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/20.7_ts.661","article-title":"A rapid one-step trichrome stain","volume":"20","author":"Gomori","year":"1950","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1941.s1-21.159","article-title":"A device for the diagnosis of Enterobius infection","volume":"21","author":"Graham","year":"1941","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4274\/tpd.galenos.2020.6828","article-title":"Comparison of skin scraping and standard superficial skin biopsy in the laboratory diagnosis of scabies","volume":"44","author":"Zorbozan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. Parazitol. Derg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2019.12.001","article-title":"Update on parasitic dermatoses","volume":"95","author":"Cardoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.03.005","article-title":"New technologies for detection of enteric parasites","volume":"33","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"177","article-title":"A new method for culturing hookworm","volume":"1","author":"Harada","year":"1955","journal-title":"Yonago Acta Med."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Baermann, G. (1917). A Simple Method for the Detection of Ankylostomum (Nematode) Larvae in Soil Tests, Javasche Boekhandel & Drukkerij."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Shorb, D.A. (1937, January 6). A method of separating infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus (Trichostrongylidae) from free living nematodes. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/3282680","article-title":"Efficacy of agar-plate culture in detection of Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"76","author":"Arakaki","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278246","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/278246","article-title":"Diagnosis of parasitic diseases: Old and new approaches","volume":"2009","author":"Ndao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992011000300003","article-title":"Molecular techniques for the study and diagnosis of parasite infection","volume":"17","author":"Tavares","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, M., Kim, J.Y., Jung, J., Cha, H.H., Jeon, N.Y., Lee, H.J., Kim, M.J., Chang, S.E., and Kim, S.H. (2020). Diagnostic value of the molecular detection of Sarcoptes scabiei from a skin scraping in patients with suspected scabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008229"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, B., Montgomery, B.L., Adamczyk, R., Ehlers, G., van den Hurk, A.F., and Warrilow, D. (2020). A LAMP-based colorimetric assay to expedite field surveillance of the invasive mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008130"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00055","article-title":"xMAP technology: Applications in detection of pathogens","volume":"8","author":"Reslova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa110","article-title":"Species composition of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in selected forested tourist areas of Nigeria endemic for malaria","volume":"57","author":"Oduwole","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12749","article-title":"Plant-herbivorous insect networks: Who is eating what revealed by long barcodes using high-throughput sequencing and Trinity assembly","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00184","article-title":"MALDI-TOF MS profiling-advances in species identification of pests, parasites, and vectors","volume":"7","author":"Murugaiyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luka, G., Samiei, E., Dehghani, S., Johnson, T., Najjaran, H., and Hoorfar, M. (2019). Label-free capacitive biosensor for detection of Cryptosporidium. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020258"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.138534","article-title":"Cultivation of parasites","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheeler, R.J., Gluenz, E., and Gull, K. (2013). The limits on Trypanosomatid morphological diversity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079581"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49211-z","article-title":"Habitat divergence shapes the morphological diversity of larval insects: Insights from scorpionflies","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2218","article-title":"Biological identifications through DNA barcodes","volume":"270","author":"Hebert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.09.003","article-title":"Status and prospects of DNA barcoding in medically important parasites and vectors","volume":"30","author":"Ondrejicka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000884","article-title":"Advances and challenges in barcoding of microbes, parasites, and their vectors and reservoirs","volume":"145","author":"Morand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00270-X","article-title":"Evolutionary genomics in Metazoa: The mitochondrial DNA as a model system","volume":"238","author":"Saccone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3296-4","article-title":"Characterisation of full-length mitochondrial copies and partial nuclear copies (numts) of the cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Hammondia heydorni and Hammondia triffittae (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae)","volume":"112","author":"Gjerde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3894.1.7","article-title":"Two new species of Euscorpius (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) from Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece","volume":"3894","author":"Fet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1139\/gen-2015-0179","article-title":"DNA barcodes identify medically important tick species in Canada","volume":"60","author":"Ondrejicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5641-5","article-title":"DNA barcoding for molecular identification of Demodex based on mitochondrial genes","volume":"116","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8597","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8597","article-title":"Fasciola gigantica, F. hepatica and Fasciola intermediate forms: Geometric morphometrics and an artificial neural network to help morphological identification","volume":"8","author":"Sumruayphol","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.08.001","article-title":"Shape patterns of genital papillae in pinworms (Enterobiinae, Oxyurida, Nematoda) parasite of primates: A landmark analysis","volume":"7","author":"Hugot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.159494","article-title":"Landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis of wing shape among certain species of Aedes mosquitoes in District Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India","volume":"52","author":"Mondal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.11.013","article-title":"Geometric morphometrics of the scutum for differentiation of trombiculid mites within the genus Walchia (Acariformes: Prostigmata: Trombiculidae), a probable vector of scrub typhus","volume":"10","author":"Sungvornyothin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0764-4469(00)00116-5","article-title":"Morphometrics of a neotropical sandfly subspecies, Lutzomyia carrerai thula","volume":"323","author":"Dujardin","year":"2000","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci. III"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henriques, D., Ch\u00e1vez-Galarza, J., Teixeira, J.S.G., Ferreira, H., Neves, C.J., Francoy, T.M., and Pinto, M.A. (2020). Wing geometric morphometrics of workers and drones and single nucleotide polymorphisms provide similar genetic structure in the Iberian honey bee (Apis mellifera iberiensis). Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11020089"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9371","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6623","article-title":"Macroevolutionary integration of phenotypes within and across ant worker castes","volume":"10","author":"Friedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx232","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of chemoreception organ in male and female ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"55","author":"Josek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-1982-2","article-title":"The modern morphometric approach to identify eggs of Triatominae","volume":"10","author":"Grijalva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.12.004","article-title":"Image analysis and machine learning for detecting malaria","volume":"194","author":"Poostchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2493-0","article-title":"Automated microscopy for routine malaria diagnosis: A field comparison on Giemsa-stained blood films in Peru","volume":"17","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337325","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2017.1337325","article-title":"Point-of-care mobile digital microscopy and deep learning for the detection of soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma haematobium","volume":"10","author":"Linder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02053-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02053-19","article-title":"Detection of intestinal protozoa in trichrome-stained stool specimens by use of a deep convolutional neural network","volume":"58","author":"Mathison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84219-4","article-title":"Deep learning approaches for challenging species and gender identification of mosquito vectors","volume":"11","author":"Kittichai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2011.05.003","article-title":"DNA barcoding of African fruit bats (Mammalia, Pteropodidae). The mitochondrial genome does not provide a reliable discrimination between Epomophorus gambianus and Micropteropus pusillus","volume":"334","author":"Nesi","year":"2011","journal-title":"C. R. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(93)90024-J","article-title":"A revolution morphometrics","volume":"8","author":"Rohlf","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/11250000409356545","article-title":"Geometric morphometrics: Ten years of progress following the \u2018revolution\u2019","volume":"71","author":"Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ital. J. Zool. (Modena)"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.02.018","article-title":"Geometric morphometrics in the cloud","volume":"70","author":"Dujardin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2021, August 14). XYOM-CLIC: Morphometrics in Medical Entomology\u2014Collection of Landmark for Identification and Characterization. Available online: https:\/\/xyom-clic.eu\/the-clic-package."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2020.07.001","article-title":"Differentiation of Trichuris species eggs from non-human primates by geometric morphometric analysis","volume":"12","author":"Valero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.07.011","article-title":"Morphometrics applied to medical entomology","volume":"8","author":"Dujardin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.01.011","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in medicine","volume":"69S","author":"Hamet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.012","article-title":"Image analysis and artificial intelligence in infectious disease diagnostics","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.06.023","article-title":"Digital microbiology","volume":"26","author":"Egli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01521-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01521-17","article-title":"Automated interpretation of blood culture Gram stains by use of a deep convolutional neural network","volume":"56","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2017.09.001","article-title":"Towards automated detection, semi-quantification and identification of microbial growth in clinical bacteriology: A proof of concept","volume":"40","author":"Croxatto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1401-32","article-title":"Characterization of Klebsiella isolates by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and determination of antimicrobial resistance with VITEK 2 advanced expert system (AES)","volume":"45","author":"Acar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulibaly, J.T., Ouattara, M., D\u2019Ambrosio, M.V., Fletcher, D.A., Keiser, J., Utzinger, J., N\u2019Goran, E.K., Andrews, J.R., and Bogoch, I.I. (2016). Accuracy of mobile phone and handheld light microscopy for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis and intestinal protozoa infections in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004768"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068213498241","article-title":"Smartphone-based optofluidic lab-on-a-chip for detecting pathogens from blood","volume":"19","author":"Stemple","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lab. Autom."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622356","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.622356","article-title":"Mining public metagenomes for environmental surveillance of parasites: A proof of principle","volume":"12","author":"Franssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0263","article-title":"16S Metagenomic comparison of Plasmodium falciparum-infected and noninfected Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus microbiota from Senegal","volume":"99","author":"Bassene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-018-0298-1","article-title":"Metagenomic next-generation sequencing as a diagnostic tool for toxoplasmic encephalitis","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2016.05.004","article-title":"Oxford nanopore MinION sequencing and genome assembly","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2018.11.004","article-title":"Development of user-friendly tools for biomedical research and healthcare","volume":"167","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.03.008","article-title":"Point of care testing for infectious diseases","volume":"493","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/9\/1545\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:52:13Z","timestamp":1760165533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/9\/1545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11091545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11091545","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]}}}