{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:00:57Z","timestamp":1791910857442,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital hemolytic anemias (CHAs) are a group of diseases characterized by premature destruction of erythrocytes as a consequence of intrinsic red blood cells abnormalities. Suggestive features of CHAs are anemia and hemolysis, with high reticulocyte count, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and reduced haptoglobin. The peripheral blood smear can help the differential diagnosis. In this review, we discuss the clinical management of severe CHAs presenting early on in the neonatal period. Appropriate knowledge and a high index of suspicion are crucial for a timely differential diagnosis and management. Here, we provide an overview of the most common conditions, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, pyruvate kinase deficiency, and hereditary spherocytosis. Although rare, congenital dyserythropoietic anemias are included as they may be suspected in early life, while hemoglobinopathies will not be discussed, as they usually manifest at a later age, when fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is replaced by the adult form (HbA).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T09:53:23Z","timestamp":1630058003000},"page":"1549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Severe Presentation of Congenital Hemolytic Anemias in the Neonatal Age: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Issues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Cortesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Manzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9175-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genny","family":"Raffaeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4921-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0857-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Fattizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UO Ematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2519-3043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo Simeone","family":"Amelio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4309-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Gulden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2650-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Amodeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juri Alessandro","family":"Giannotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UO Ematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Mosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Ghirardello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, 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