{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:36:15Z","timestamp":1790138175736,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Repeated computed tomography (CT) is essential for diagnosis, surgical planning and follow-up in patients with middle and inner ear pathology. Dose reduction to \u201cas low as diagnostically acceptable\u201d (ALADA) is preferable but challenging. We aimed to compare the diagnostic quality of images of subtle temporal bone structures produced with low doses (LD) and reference protocols (RP). Methods: Two formalin-fixed human cadaver heads were scanned using a 64-slice CT scanner and cone-beam CT (CBCT). The protocols were: RP (120 kV, 250 mA, CTDIvol 83.72 mGy), LD1 (100 kV, 80 mA, CTDIvol 26.79 mGy), LD2 (100 kV, 35 mA, CTDIvol 7.66 mGy), LD3 (80 kV, 40 mA, CTDIvol 4.82 mGy), and CBCT standard protocol. Temporal bone structures were assessed using a 5-point scale. Results: A median score of \u22652 was achieved with protocols such as the tendons of m. tensor tympani (RP\/LD1\/LD2\/CBCT) and m. stapedius (CBCT), the incudostapedial joint (RP\/LD1\/CBCT), the incudomalleolar joint (RP\/LD1\/LD2\/CBCT), the stapes feet (RP\/LD1\/CBCT), the stapes head (RP\/LD1\/LD2\/CBCT), the tympanic membrane (RP\/LD1\/LD2\/CBCT), the lamina spiralis ossea (none), the chorda tympani (RP\/LD1\/CBCT), and the modiolus (RP\/LD1\/LD2\/CBCT). Adaptive statistical iterative reconstructions did not show advantages over the filtered back projection. Conclusions: LD protocols using a CTDIvol of 7.66 mGy may be sufficient for the identification of temporal bone structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11101894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T22:42:18Z","timestamp":1634251338000},"page":"1894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["ALADA Dose Optimization in the Computed Tomography of the Temporal Bone: The Diagnostic Potential of Different Low-Dose CT Protocols"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Kofler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Jenetten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Runge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Degenhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5542-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romed","family":"H\u00f6rmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, M\u00fcllerstrasse 59, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Steurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerlig","family":"Widmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181a14b99","article-title":"Treatment and outcome of advanced external auditory canal and middle ear squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Cristalli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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