{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:21:51Z","timestamp":1790266911506,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Spondylodiscitis caused by Aspergillus spp. is a rare but life-threatening clinical entity. However, a consensus on diagnostic criteria and most effective medical management is still missing. The present study is a review of all published cases of spondylodiscitis caused by Aspergillus spp., in an effort to elucidate epidemiology, patients\u2019 characteristics, andand the medical and surgical treatment options and their effectiveness. Methods: A thorough review of all existing spondylodiscitis cases caused by Aspergillus was performed. Data regarding demographics, responsible fungus, time between symptoms\u2019 onset and firm diagnosis, antifungal treatment (AFT), surgical intervention, andand the infection\u2019s outcome were investigated. Results: A total of 118 Aspergillus spondylodiscitis cases, yielding 119 Aspergillus spp. isolates, were identified in the literature. The patients\u2019 mean age was 40.6 years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (after its introduction) indicated the diagnosis in most cases (66.7%), while definite diagnosis was established through cultures in the majority of cases (73.7%). Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated in most cases (73; 61.3%), followed by Aspergillus flavus (15; 12.6%) andand Aspergillus nidulans and terreus (7; 5.9%, each). The mean time between symptoms\u2019 onset and diagnosis was 5.7 months. Amphotericin B was the preferred antifungal regiment (84 cases; 71.2%), followed by voriconazole (31; 26.3%), and the mean AFT duration was 6.1 months. The final outcome was successful in 93 cases (78.8%). Furthermore, 77 patients (65.3%) underwent surgery. Conclusions: Spondylodiscitis caused by Aspergillus spp. represents a clinical challenge, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. The present review has shown that prolonged AFT has been the standard of care of the studied cases, while surgical treatment seems to play an important role in selected patents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11101899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T09:10:49Z","timestamp":1634202649000},"page":"1899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Spondylodiscitis Caused by Aspergillus Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Koutserimpas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, \u201c251\u201d Hellenic Air Force General Hospital of Athens, 115 25 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifigeneia","family":"Chamakioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, \u201c251\u201d Hellenic Air Force General Hospital of Athens, 115 25 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Symeon","family":"Naoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, \u201c251\u201d Hellenic Air Force General Hospital of Athens, 115 25 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Raptis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, \u201c251\u201d Hellenic Air Force General Hospital of Athens, 115 25 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0185-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Alpantaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, \u201cVenizeleion\u201d General Hospital of Heraklion, 714 09 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diamantis P.","family":"Kofteridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, 715 00 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Samonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, 715 00 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.12.008","article-title":"Aspergillus osteomyelitis: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, management, and outcome","volume":"68","author":"Gamaletsou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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