{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:36:28Z","timestamp":1777088188128,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To compare the choroidal vascularity of large- and middle-sized choroidal vessels and choriocapillaris (CC) perfusion in patients with different degrees of myopia using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). Methods: One hundred and thirteen people with myopia were enrolled. SS-OCTA was performed to analyze the choroidal vascularity and CC perfusion. Three-dimensional (3D) choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and choroidal luminal volumes (LV) were obtained by artificial intelligence segmentation of the choroidal lumen in Volume OCT images. CC perfusion was assessed by flow signal voids (FSVs). Results: In the macular, multiple linear regression model showed that choroidal thickness (CT), total choroidal volume, LV, and choroidal stromal volume were negatively correlated with axis length (AL), respectively (all p &lt; 0.001). Three dimensional CVI was negatively associated with AL (p &lt; 0.05). FSV% was positively correlated with age only (p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, after adjustment for age and AL, FSV% had a significant negative correlation with CT (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Choroidal vascularity decreases gradually with increasing severity of myopia. The decrease of CC blood perfusion was related to a higher severity of myopia and the thinning of choroid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11111948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:29:46Z","timestamp":1634765386000},"page":"1948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Quantitative Assessment of Three-Dimensional Choroidal Vascularity and Choriocapillaris Flow Signal Voids in Myopic Patients Using SS-OCTA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Amin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gongpeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaoye","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7281-552X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changzheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14773","article-title":"The influence of the choroid on the onset and development of myopia: From perspectives of choroidal thickness and blood flow","volume":"99","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.10.005","article-title":"Myopic maculopathy: Current status and proposal for a new classification and grading system (ATN)","volume":"69","author":"Montero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302836","article-title":"The relationship between retinal and choroidal thickness and visual acuity in highly myopic eyes","volume":"97","author":"Duker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","article-title":"The multifunctional choroid","volume":"29","author":"Nickla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26397","article-title":"Changes in choroidal thickness and choroidal blood perfusion in guinea pig myopia","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.1.8","article-title":"Assessment of choroidal vascularity and choriocapillaris blood perfusion in anisomyopic adults by SS-OCT\/OCTA","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.03.005","article-title":"Luminal and stromal areas of choroid determined by binarization method of optical coherence tomographic images","volume":"159","author":"Sonoda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04524-7","article-title":"Three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index in acute central serous chorioretinopathy using swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"258","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.09.012","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in Choroidal Thickness and the Volume of Vessels and Stroma Using Swept-Source OCT and Fully Automated Algorithms","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: A review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182993f29","article-title":"Diurnal variation in choroidal thickness in relation to sex, axial length, and baseline choroidal thickness in healthy korean subjects","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00055-2","article-title":"Adaptive document image binarization","volume":"33","author":"Sauvola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.07.002","article-title":"OCT angiography and evaluation of the choroid and choroidal vascular disorders","volume":"67","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.05.008","article-title":"Choroidal and retinal thickness in children with different refractive status measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"168","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.01.003","article-title":"Changes in choroidal thickness varied by age and refraction in children and adolescents: A 1-year longitudinal study","volume":"213","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21090","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21090","article-title":"Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: Measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study","volume":"6","author":"Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.02.001","article-title":"Characterization of choroidal morphologic and vascular features in young men with high myopia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"177","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-020-00224-0","article-title":"Choroidal blood perfusion as a potential \u201crapid predictive index\u201d for myopia development and progression","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16446","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness and eye growth in childhood","volume":"56","author":"Read","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.18","article-title":"Features of the choroidal structures in myopic children based on image binarization of optical coherence tomography","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-017-0081-z","article-title":"Choroidal vascular analysis in myopic eyes: Evidence of foveal medium vessel layer thinning","volume":"3","author":"Alshareef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21289","article-title":"Quantitative OCT angiography of the retinal microvasculature and the choriocapillaris in myopic eyes","volume":"58","author":"Phasukkijwatana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.12.025","article-title":"Age-dependent changes in the macular choriocapillaris of normal eyes imaged with swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"200","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04639-2","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature and choriocapillaris in myopic patients using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"258","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.25","article-title":"Increased choroidal blood perfusion can inhibit form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.11.8","article-title":"Choroidal biomarkers: A repeatability and topographical comparison of choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index in healthy eyes","volume":"9","author":"Breher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35640-9","article-title":"Wide-field choroidal thickness profile in healthy eyes","volume":"8","author":"Rasheed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16670","article-title":"Combined 60\u00b0 wide-field choroidal thickness maps and high-definition en face vasculature visualization using swept-source megahertz OCT at 1050 nm","volume":"56","author":"Mohler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01247.x","article-title":"Topographic variation of the choroidal watershed zone and its relationship to neovascularization in patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"87","author":"Mendrinos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/11\/1948\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:19:38Z","timestamp":1760167178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/11\/1948"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11111948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11111948","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]}}}