{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:59:16Z","timestamp":1777485556860,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":282,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on economies and health systems globally, therefore a top priority is the development of increasingly better diagnostic and surveillance alternatives to slow down the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In order to establish massive testing and contact tracing policies, it is crucial to have a clear view of the diagnostic options available and their principal advantages and drawbacks. Although classical molecular methods such as RT-qPCR are broadly used, diagnostic alternatives based on technologies such as LAMP, antigen, serological testing, or the application of novel technologies such as CRISPR-Cas for diagnostics, are also discussed. The present review also discusses the most important automation strategies employed to increase testing capability. Several serological-based diagnostic kits are presented, as well as novel nanotechnology-based diagnostic methods. In summary, this review provides a clear diagnostic landscape of the most relevant tools to track COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11111981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:49:52Z","timestamp":1635292192000},"page":"1981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Tracking SARS-CoV-2: Novel Trends and Diagnostic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Linda P.","family":"Guaman-Bautista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9778-5611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick","family":"Moreta-Urbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7347-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia G.","family":"O\u00f1a-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marbel","family":"Torres-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Quito 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1382-5661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos C.","family":"Kyriakidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada a Biomedicina (BIOMED), Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"},{"name":"One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas (UDLA), Quito 170125, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2942-1146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koray","family":"Malc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nestor","family":"Jonguitud-Borrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Rios-Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4361-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Espiridion","family":"Ramos-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 4510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Gen\u00e9tica y Gen\u00f3mica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Barba-Ostria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud Quito, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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