{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T23:05:03Z","timestamp":1788822303854,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the burden of liver disease in the general populace steadily increases, so does the need for both advanced diagnostic and treatment options. Endoscopic ultrasound is a reliable diagnostic and therapeutic method that has an established role, foremost in pancreatobiliary pathology. This paper aims to summarize the growing role of endoscopic ultrasound in hepatology based on the search of the current literature. A number of applications of endoscopic ultrasound are reviewed, including both noninvasive methods and tissue acquisition in focal and diffuse liver disease, portal hypertension measurement, detection and management of gastric and esophageal varices, treatment of focal liver lesions and staging of pancreatobiliary malignancies, treatment of cystic and solid liver lesions, as well as liver abscess drainage. Both hepatologists and endoscopists should be aware of the evolving role of endoscopic ultrasound in liver disease. The inherent invasive nature of endoscopic examination limits its use to a targeted population identified using noninvasive methods. Endoscopic ultrasound is one the most versatile methods in gastroenterology, allowing immediate access with detection, sampling, and treatment of digestive tract pathology. Further expansion of its use in hepatology is immanent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11112021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:21:08Z","timestamp":1635805268000},"page":"2021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Liver Disease: Where Do We Stand?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0370-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tajana","family":"Pavic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Mikolasevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6503-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Kralj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Blazevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9275-7283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Skrtic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Budimir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Lerotic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davor","family":"Hrabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2019). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392, 1789\u20131858."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1061","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"17","author":"Cheemerla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2019.211","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided, Percutaneous, and Transjugular Liver Biopsy: A Comparative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"53","author":"Mccarty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1656511","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound for the Hepatologist: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"38","author":"Rizzatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.042","article-title":"Accuracy of FibroScan Controlled Attenuation Parameter and Liver Stiffness Measurement in Assessing Steatosis and Fibrosis in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"156","author":"Eddowes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.11.015","article-title":"Accuracy of Controlled Attenuation Parameter and Liver Stiffness Measurement in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"47","author":"Mikolasevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1262","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0958-2183","article-title":"The role of EUS in diagnosis and treatment of liver disorders","volume":"7","author":"Campos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v12.i6.262","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound in chronic liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Fung","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"67","article-title":"The Evolving Role of Advanced Endoscopic Techniques in Hepatology","volume":"17","author":"Mahfouz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2018.049","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound Real-Time Elastography in Liver Disease","volume":"51","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v13.i8.296","article-title":"Endo-hepatology: An emerging field","volume":"13","author":"Hogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brattain, L.J., Telfer, B.A., Dhyani, M., Grajo, J.R., and Samir, A.E. (2018, January 17\u201321). Objective Liver Fibrosis Estimation from Shear Wave Elas-tography. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual International Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8513011"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2017.095","article-title":"A Prospective Blinded Study of Endoscopic Ultrasound Elastography in Liver Disease: Towards a Virtual Biopsy","volume":"51","author":"Schulman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"32","article-title":"A Pilot Study of Real Time Elastography in the Differentiation of Focal Liver Lesions","volume":"38","author":"Sandulescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Health Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321299","article-title":"Guidelines on the use of liver biopsy in clinical practice from the British Society of Gastroenterology, the Royal College of Radiologists and the Royal College of Pathology","volume":"69","author":"Neuberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22742","article-title":"American Association for the Study of Liver Dis-eases Liver biopsy","volume":"49","author":"Rockey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.05.001","article-title":"Transjugular liver biopsy\u2013Indications, adequacy, quality of specimens, and complications\u2013A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Kalambokis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01691.x","article-title":"Utilization rates, complications and costs of percutaneous liver biopsy: A population-based study including 4275 biopsies","volume":"28","author":"Myers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2007.09.002","article-title":"Transjugular Liver Biopsy: A Retrospective Analysis of 601 Cases","volume":"19","author":"Mammen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.015","article-title":"Reduced Mortality Rates Following Elective Percutaneous Liver Biopsies","volume":"139","author":"West","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.06038.x","article-title":"Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection","volume":"97","author":"Regev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01353_7.x","article-title":"EUS-Guided Routine Liver Biopsy in Selected Patients","volume":"102","author":"Mathew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.07.015","article-title":"Adequacy of Endoscopic Ultrasound Core Needle Biopsy Specimen of Nonmalignant Hepatic Parenchymal Disease","volume":"6","author":"Gleeson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.09.056","article-title":"Initial experience with EUS-guided Tru-cut biopsy of benign liver disease","volume":"69","author":"DeWitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/2303-9027.156711","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy","volume":"4","author":"Baron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.09.043","article-title":"High yield of same-session EUS-guided liver biopsy by 19-gauge FNA needle in patients undergoing EUS to exclude biliary obstruction","volume":"75","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-870276","article-title":"Transesophageal Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) and Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) Biopsy: A Combined Approach in the Evaluation of Mediastinal Lesions","volume":"37","author":"Vilmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v12.i3.83","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound guided liver biopsy: Recent evidence","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2018.11.002","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound\u2013guided Liver Biopsy","volume":"29","author":"Diehl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.06.031","article-title":"Histological adequacy of EUS-guided liver biopsy when using a 19-gauge non\u2013Tru-Cut FNA needle","volume":"79","author":"Gor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.08.025","article-title":"EUS-guided liver biopsy provides diagnostic samples comparable with those via the percutaneous or transjugular route","volume":"83","author":"Pineda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.08.012","article-title":"EUS-guided liver biopsy for parenchymal disease: A comparison of diagnostic yield between two core biopsy needles","volume":"83","author":"Sey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.04.017","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound Liver Biopsies Accurately Predict the Presence of Fibrosis in Patients with Fatty liver","volume":"15","author":"Saab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.01.011","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound\u2013guided Parenchymal Liver Biopsy: Single Center Experience of a New Dedicated Core Needle","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.07.036","article-title":"A prospective pilot comparison of wet and dry heparinized suction for EUS-guided liver biopsy (with videos)","volume":"88","author":"Mok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.05.013","article-title":"EUS-guided fine-needle core liver biopsy sampling using a novel 19-gauge needle with modified 1-pass, 1 actuation wet suction technique","volume":"87","author":"Nieto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0956-6922","article-title":"19 G aspiration needle versus 19 G core biopsy needle for endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy: A prospective randomized trial","volume":"51","author":"Diehl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0967-3640","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy using a 22-G fine needle biopsy needle: A prospective study","volume":"51","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.08.006","article-title":"EUS-guided core liver biopsy sampling using a 22-gauge fork-tip needle: A prospective blinded trial for histologic and lipidomic evaluation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"90","author":"Bazerbachi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E62","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0655-7462","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy in chronic liver disease: A randomized comparison of 19-G FNA and 22-G FNB needles","volume":"7","author":"Mok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-019-09945-4","article-title":"Bi-lobar liver biopsy via EUS enhances the assessment of disease severity in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Khurana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.01.006","article-title":"Comparison of EUS-guided versus percutaneous and transjugular approaches for the performance of liver biopsies","volume":"51","author":"Shuja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.09.050","article-title":"A prospective, head-to-head comparison of 2 EUS-guided liver biopsy needles in vivo","volume":"93","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E938","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1165-1767","article-title":"EUS-guided fine-needle core liver biopsy with a modified one-pass, one-actuation wet suction technique comparing two types of EUS core needles","volume":"8","author":"Nieto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06391-3","article-title":"Comparison of Two Specialized Histology Needles for Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)-Guided Liver Biopsy: A Pilot Study","volume":"66","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-020-00436-z","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy versus percutaneous liver biopsy in patients with chronic liver disease: A retrospective single-center study","volume":"23","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06165-x","article-title":"A Comparative Study of 22G versus 19G Needles for EUS-Guided Biopsies for Parenchymal Liver Disease: Are Thinner Needles Better?","volume":"66","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bang, J.Y., Ward, T.J., Guirguis, S., Krall, K., Contreras, F., Jhala, N., Navaneethan, U., Hawes, R.H., and Varadarajulu, S. (2021). Radiology-guided percutaneous approach is superior to EUS for performing liver biopsies. Gut.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324495"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.10.018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of EUS-guided liver biopsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Mohan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.04.207","article-title":"EUS-guided liver biopsy: The type of needle matters","volume":"90","author":"Confer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.07.065","article-title":"Optimizing EUS-guided liver biopsy sampling: Comprehensive assessment of needle types and tissue acquisition techniques","volume":"85","author":"Schulman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.01.026","article-title":"How Can We Optimize Tools and Techniques for Endoscopic Ultrasound\u2013Guided Liver Biopsy?","volume":"18","author":"Obaitan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5546","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-08053-x","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided parenchymal liver biopsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Baran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E239","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-100507","article-title":"When trainees reach competency in performing endoscopic ultrasound: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Shahidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322704","article-title":"Emerging role of endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy","volume":"70","author":"Chetwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2014.20.1.6","article-title":"Hepatic venous pressure gradient: Clinical use in chronic liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Suk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300628","article-title":"Wedged hepatic venous pressure adequately reflects portal pressure in hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis","volume":"30","author":"Escorsell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E654","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1390845","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided portal-systemic pressure gradient measurement","volume":"46","author":"Leise","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.09.026","article-title":"EUS-guided portal pressure gradient measurement with a simple novel device: A human pilot study","volume":"85","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.06.065","article-title":"EUS-guided portal pressure gradient measurement in patients with acute or subacute portal hypertension","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.08.007","article-title":"Portal pressure measurement: Have we come full circle?","volume":"93","author":"Bazarbashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.4103\/eus.eus_39_19","article-title":"Therapeutic EUS: New tools, new devices, new applications","volume":"8","author":"Braden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.024","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"69","author":"Angeli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1077400","article-title":"EUS for portal hypertension: A comprehensive and critical appraisal of clinical and experimental indications","volume":"40","author":"Jalil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1053\/ge.1999.v50.97777","article-title":"EUS analysis of collateral veins inside and outside the esophageal wall in portal hypertension","volume":"50","author":"Irisawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v9.i24.1013","article-title":"Role of endoscopic ultrasound in liver disease: Where do we stand in 2017?","volume":"9","author":"Saraireh","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2001.108479","article-title":"Endoscopic recurrence of esophageal varices is associated with the specific EUS abnormalities: Severe periesophageal collateral veins and large perforating veins","volume":"53","author":"Irisawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2015.1043640","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound findings predict the recurrence of esophageal varices after endoscopic band ligation: A prospective cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Valantinas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2008.00415.x","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of hemodynamics related to variceal relapse in esophageal variceal patients","volume":"39","author":"Sato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl16458","article-title":"Useful Endoscopic Ultrasonography Parameters and a Predictive Model for the Recurrence of Esophageal Varices and Bleeding after Variceal Ligation","volume":"11","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"465","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of upper digestive bleeding: A useful tool","volume":"22","author":"Seicean","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00150.x","article-title":"A Pilot Study on Modified Endoscopic Variceal Ligation Using Endoscopic Ultrasonography with Color Doppler Function","volume":"93","author":"Nagamine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2005.10.039","article-title":"Treatment of esophageal varices: A randomized controlled trial comparing endoscopic sclerotherapy and EUS-guided sclerotherapy of esophageal collateral veins","volume":"63","author":"Ardengh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160607","article-title":"Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: A long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients","volume":"16","author":"Sarin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1250","article-title":"Endosonographic evaluation of the venous anatomy around the gas-tro-esophageal junction in patients with portal hypertension","volume":"43","author":"Choudhuri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-25286","article-title":"Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Varices and Portal Collateral Venous Abnormalities by Endosonography in Cirrhotic Patients","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.06.012","article-title":"Duodenal Varix Diagnosed by Endoscopic Ultrasound","volume":"8","author":"Rana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2012.45.3.324","article-title":"Usefulness of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Esophagogastric Varices","volume":"45","author":"Shim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-020-00801-2","article-title":"The Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) in the Management of Gastric Varices","volume":"23","author":"Thiruvengadam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(99)70037-4","article-title":"High-resolution endoluminal sonography assessment of the hematocystic spots of esophageal varices","volume":"49","author":"Schiano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4103\/2303-9027.144542","article-title":"Echo-endoscopic analysis of variceal hemodynamics in patient with isolated gastric varices","volume":"3","author":"Irisawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.10.043","article-title":"EUS-guided cyanoacrylate injection for treatment of endoscopically obscured bleeding gastric varices","volume":"83","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.05.020","article-title":"Risk stratification for secondary prophylaxis of gastric varices due to portal hypertension","volume":"51","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2000.107911","article-title":"EUS-guided injection of cyanoacrylate for bleeding gastric varices","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.09.040","article-title":"EUS-guided treatment of gastric fundal varices with combined injection of coils and cyanoacrylate glue: A large U.S. experience over 6 years (with video)","volume":"83","author":"Bhat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.03.008","article-title":"EUS-guided injection of cyanoacrylate in perforating feeding veins in gastric varices: Results in 5 cases","volume":"66","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v6.i6.254","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of endoscopic prophylactic treatment with undiluted cyanoacrylate for gastric varices","volume":"6","author":"Franco","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.05.009","article-title":"EUS-guided coil versus cyanoacrylate therapy for the treatment of gastric varices: A multicenter study (with videos)","volume":"78","author":"Ellrichmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1291609","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided vascular therapy: Is it safe and effective?","volume":"44","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-6462-z","article-title":"EUS-guided fine needle injection is superior to direct endoscopic injection of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate for the treatment of gastric variceal bleeding","volume":"33","author":"Bick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.06.030","article-title":"EUS-guided transesophageal treatment of gastric fundal varices with combined coiling and cyanoacrylate glue injection (with videos)","volume":"74","author":"Binmoeller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1610","article-title":"Mechanical Devices for Arterial Occlusion and Therapeutic Vascular Occlusion Utilizing Steel Coil Technique: Clinical Applications","volume":"192","author":"Rose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E35","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1215261","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided coil embolization therapy in gastric varices","volume":"42","author":"Giovannini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1289","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Angiotherapy for Gastric Varices: A Single Center Experience","volume":"3","author":"Khoury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"352","article-title":"Obliteration of Gastric Varices Guided by Eco-Endoscopy with Coils Insertion Coated with Expandable Hidrogel Polymers","volume":"113","author":"Bazaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola De Enferm. Dig."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-015-4342-3","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided coil injection therapy of esophagogastric and ectopic varices","volume":"30","author":"Law","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-018-0844-y","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided coil or glue injection in post-cyanoacrylate gastric variceal re-bleed","volume":"37","author":"Mukkada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.201900000-08","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of eus-guided coil plus cyanoacrylate versus conventional cyanoacrylate technique in the treatment of gastric varices: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"Chaves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arq. De Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozie\u0142, S., Pawlak, K., B\u0142aszczyk, \u0141., Jagielski, M., and Wiechowska-Koz\u0142owska, A. (2019). Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Treatment of Gastric Varices Using Coils and Cyanoacrylate Glue Injections: Results after 1 Year of Experience. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111786"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2021.01.025","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of EUS-guided coil and glue injection for the primary prophylaxis of gastric variceal hemorrhage","volume":"94","author":"Kouanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E664","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0599-0440","article-title":"EUS-guided thrombin injection for management of gastric fundal varices","volume":"6","author":"Frost","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E221","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1027-6708","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided treatment of gastric varices with coil embolization and absorbable hemostatic gelatin sponge: A novel alternative to cyanoacrylate","volume":"8","author":"Bazarbashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vgie.2018.08.004","article-title":"Successful EUS-guided treatment of gastric varices with coil embolization and injection of absorbable gelatin sponge","volume":"4","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"VideoGIE"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4103\/2303-9027.121243","article-title":"Clinical, endoscopic and endoscopic ultrasound features of duodenal varices: A report of 10 cases","volume":"3","author":"Rana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12216","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound description of liver segmentation and anatomy","volume":"26","author":"Bhatia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1053\/ge.1999.v50.97208","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of liver lesions","volume":"50","author":"Nguyen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2002.124557","article-title":"EUS-guided fine needle aspiration of the liver: Indications, yield, and safety based on an international survey of 167 cases","volume":"55","author":"Tenberge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1976","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology of solid liver lesions: A large single-center experience","volume":"98","author":"DeWitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-41593","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Liver Lesions: Histological and Cytological Assessment","volume":"35","author":"Hollerbach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00665.x","article-title":"Detection of Unsuspected Left Hepatic Lobe Metastases During EUS Staging of Cancer of the Esophagus and Cardia","volume":"101","author":"McGrath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21912","article-title":"Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of hepatic lesions: Computerized tomographic-guided versus endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNA","volume":"108","author":"Crowe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.10.053","article-title":"EUS for detection of the hepatocellular carcinoma: Results of a prospective study","volume":"66","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318167b8cc","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound Versus CT Scan for Detection of the Metastases to the Liver: Results of a prospective comparative study","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"S56","article-title":"EUS guided fine needle aspiration cytology of liver nodules suspicious for ma-lignancy: Yields, complications and impact on management","volume":"95","author":"Prachayakul","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12922","article-title":"Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling using core biopsy needle as a percutaneous biopsy rescue for diagnosis of solid liver mass: Combined histological-cytological analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4103\/2303-9027.204813","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration can target right liver mass","volume":"6","author":"Seo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.06.051","article-title":"Improved detection of liver metastasis using Kupffer-phase imaging in contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS in patients with pancreatic cancer (with video)","volume":"93","author":"Minaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13423","article-title":"KRASmutation analysis by next-generation sequencing in endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling for solid liver masses","volume":"32","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"15","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy of focal liver lesions","volume":"92","author":"Ichim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2018.175","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Liver Biopsy Using a Core Needle for Hepatic Solid Mass","volume":"52","author":"Chon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2020.065","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Using a 22-G Needle for Hepatic Lesions: Single-Center Experience","volume":"54","author":"Akay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sbeit, W., Kadah, A., Mahamid, M., Pellicano, R., Mari, A., and Khoury, T. (2020). A State-of-the-Art Review on the Evolving Utility of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Liver Diseases Diagnosis. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10080512"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2018.17525","article-title":"Predictors of bleeding complications following percutaneous image-guided liver biopsy: A scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Midia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1160-5485","article-title":"22G Acquire vs. 20G Procore needle for endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy of pancreatic masses: A randomized study comparing histologic sample quantity and diagnostic accuracy","volume":"52","author":"Karsenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2020.102019","article-title":"Review of precision cancer medicine: Evolution of the treatment paradigm","volume":"86","author":"Tsimberidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2018.12.005","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound for the Diagnosis and Staging of Liver Tumors","volume":"29","author":"Lange","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4103\/eus.eus_29_18","article-title":"EUS liver assessment using contrast agents and elastography","volume":"7","author":"Fusaroli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.06.006","article-title":"The clinical impact of ultrasound contrast agents in EUS: A systematic review according to the levels of evidence","volume":"84","author":"Fusaroli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640617713651","article-title":"Preoperative prediction of curative surgery of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma by combination of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography","volume":"6","author":"Kammerer","year":"2018","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v28","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw324","article-title":"Biliary cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Valle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyna, T., and Gerges, C. (2020). Clinical Management of Bile Duct Diseases: Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound in a Personalized Approach. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11010001"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v10.i2.56","article-title":"Utility of endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopy in diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma and its complications: What does endoscopic ultrasonography offer above and beyond conventional cross-sectional imaging?","volume":"10","author":"Girotra","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v6.i9.360","article-title":"Role of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer","volume":"6","author":"Vila","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1159\/000177025","article-title":"Role of Repeated Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration in Small Solid Pancreatic Masses with Previous Indeterminate and Negative Cytological Findings","volume":"26","author":"Tadic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000394","article-title":"Incidentally Identified Common Bile Duct Dilatation: A Systematic Review of Eval-uation, Causes, and Outcome","volume":"49","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.09.024","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of EUS-guided FNA for malignant biliary stricture: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.08.050","article-title":"Role of EUS for preoperative evaluation of cholangiocarcinoma: A large single-center experience","volume":"73","author":"Mohamadnejad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.13046","article-title":"The role of endoscopic ultrasound in evaluating patients with bile duct dilation of unclear etiology","volume":"22","author":"Phan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.03.037","article-title":"Ethanol lavage of huge hepatic cysts by using EUS guidance and a percutaneous approach","volume":"80","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"139","article-title":"EUS-guided transgastric drainage of caudate lobe liver abscesses","volume":"1","author":"Keohane","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Interv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.12.045","article-title":"EUS-guided drainage of hepatic abscesses not accessible to percutaneous drainage (with videos)","volume":"71","author":"Noh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(04)02848-2","article-title":"EUS-guided drainage of hepatic abscess","volume":"61","author":"Seewald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.07.023","article-title":"Endoscopic management of hepatic abscess after EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy","volume":"84","author":"Kumta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1443-1661.2011.01115.x","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided drainage for tuberculous liver abscess drainage","volume":"23","author":"Itoi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-015-0585-8","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of an amoebic liver abscess extending into the hepatic subcapsular space","volume":"8","author":"Koizumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E397","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1392632","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of a right liver abscess with a self-expandable metallic stent","volume":"47","author":"Ogura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.07.034","article-title":"EUS-guided drainage of liver abscess by using a lumen-apposing metal stent (with video)","volume":"78","author":"Alcaide","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.01.023","article-title":"EUS-guided drainage of hepatic abscess and infected biloma using short and long metal stents (with videos)","volume":"81","author":"Tonozuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3841-3","article-title":"Clinical Outcome of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Liver Abscess Drainage Using Self-Expandable Covered Metallic Stent (with Video)","volume":"61","author":"Ogura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E331","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1344128","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of giant liver abscess associated with transgastric migration of a self-expandable metallic stent","volume":"45","author":"Medrado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E982","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1391125","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided liver abscess drainage using a dedicated, wide, fully covered self-expandable metallic stent with flared-ends","volume":"46","author":"Kawakami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13342","article-title":"Retrospective cohort study comparing endoscopic ultrasound-guided and percutaneous drainage of upper abdominal abscesses","volume":"31","author":"Carbajo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205031212092127","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120921273","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of difficult-to-access liver abscesses","volume":"8","author":"Chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36098","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36098","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided interventional treatment for refractory malignant left-sided liver tumors: A case series of 26 patients","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1111","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-116146","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound-guided ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe","volume":"4","author":"Nakaji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E558","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1393394","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided ethanol injection as a treatment for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma in the left hepatic lobe","volume":"47","author":"Nakaji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E317","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0915-1385","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasound-guided ethanol injection for a small hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Lisotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"E380","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma difficult to treat with percutaneous local treatment","volume":"44","author":"Nakaji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2002.120784","article-title":"EUS-guided treatment of a solid hepatic metastasis","volume":"55","author":"Barclay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E256","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255653","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided ethanol injection in hepatic metastatic carcinoma: A case report","volume":"42","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.30683\/1929-2279.2018.07.04.1","article-title":"Safety of Endoscopic-Ultrasound-Guided Portal Injection Chemotherapy using Drug-Eluting Microbeads in a Porcine Model","volume":"7","author":"Faigel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Updat."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.08.064","article-title":"EUS-guided portal injection chemotherapy for treatment of hepatic metastases: Feasibility in the acute porcine model","volume":"83","author":"Faigel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000136031.91939.EC","article-title":"Hybrid Radiofrequency and Cryoablation Device: Preliminary Results in an Animal Model","volume":"15","author":"Hollander","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.08.019","article-title":"EUS-guided Nd:YAG laser ablation of a hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe","volume":"73","author":"Grasso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E376","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1310061","article-title":"High-intensity focused ultrasound liver destruction through the gastric wall under endoscopic ultrasound control: First experience in living pigs","volume":"44","author":"Pioche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4103\/eus.eus_103_17","article-title":"EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation: An option for the extrapancreatic region","volume":"7","author":"Armellini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2017.1414760","article-title":"EUS dating with laser ablation against the caudate lobe or left liver tumors: A win-win proposition?","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2014.8.1.88","article-title":"Fiducial Placement for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy under Only Endoscopic Ultrasonography Guidance in Pancreatic and Hepatic Malignancy: Practical Feasibility and Safety","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E378","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-100720","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fiducial marker placement for image-guided radiation therapy without fluoroscopy: Safety and technical feasibility","volume":"04","author":"Dhadham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(03)02361-7","article-title":"EUS-guided photodynamic therapy of the pancreas: A pilot study","volume":"59","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1309896","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound as an early diagnostic tool for primary sclerosing cholangitis: A prospective pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Lutz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00872.x","article-title":"Characterization, Outcome, and Prognosis in 273 Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Single Center Study","volume":"102","author":"Tischendorf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2005.10.040","article-title":"Duodenal EUS to identify thickening of the extrahepatic biliary tree wall in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"63","author":"Mesenas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"748","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound elastography as a method for screening the patients with suspected primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"22","author":"Rustemovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/2303-9027.193597","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography versus endoscopic ultrasound for tissue diagnosis of malignant biliary stricture: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Bernardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.07.018","article-title":"EUS-guided FNA of regional lymph nodes in patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"67","author":"Gleeson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/11\/2021\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:52Z","timestamp":1760167432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/11\/2021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"references-count":176,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11112021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11112021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]}}}