{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:55:52Z","timestamp":1791914152584,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002560","name":"Soonchunhyang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["not confirmed"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["not confirmed"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As urine is not sterile, inflammatory reactions caused by dysbiosis of the urinary microbiota may induce interstitial cystitis. A study was conducted to determine whether \u03b2-defensin 2 (BD-2), a specific antimicrobial peptide in the bladder, could be used as a novel diagnostic marker for ulcerative interstitial cystitis (IC). Urine samples from three female groups were examined: healthy controls (n = 34, Control group), non-Hunner type IC (n = 40, NHIC group), and Hunner type IC (n = 68, HIC group). Urine samples were collected via a transurethral catheter and assayed for BD-2 levels using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Under general or regional anesthesia, cystoscopy with diagnostic and therapeutic hydrodistension was performed in NHIC and HIC groups patients. These patients underwent a biopsy of the bladders. Based on the urinary specimens from 142 patients, BD-2 expression was found to be 18-fold higher in patients with Hunner type IC than in patients with non-Hunner type IC. The enhanced secretion of BD-2 exhibited a strong correlation with increased mast cell counts associated with bladder IC pathology. Enhanced urinary secretion of the antimicrobial peptide BD-2 from Hunner type IC patients associated with clinical phenotypes and demonstrated relatively robust levels to be used as a potential biomarker. Moreover, the increased urinary level of BD-2 may suggest a new possibility of biomarkers caused by dysbiosis of the urinary microbiota in ulcerative IC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11112082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T09:19:21Z","timestamp":1636535961000},"page":"2082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["\u03b2-Defensin 2, an Antimicrobial Peptide, as a Novel Biomarker for Ulcerative Interstitial Cystitis; Can \u03b2-Defensin 2 Suspect the Dysbiosis of Urine Microbiota?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sang Wook","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5984-9485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31151, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8882-2492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woong Bin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-1875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hae Woong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7293-7463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Eun","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahrim","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhayng University College of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3959-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)43863-8","article-title":"Chronic Interstitial Cystitis: A Heterogeneous Syndrome","volume":"137","author":"Fall","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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