{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:08:50Z","timestamp":1781276930189,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japanese Dermatology Association (Novartis Pharma donated)","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]},{"name":"Lydia O\u2019Leary Memorial Pias Dermatological Foundation.","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary nutrition intake is essential for human beings and influences various physiological and pathological actions in the human body. Among various nutritional factors, dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been shown to have various beneficial effects against inflammatory diseases. In addition to their therapeutic potency against inflammation, omega-3 PUFAs have also been shown to have anti-tumor effects via various mechanisms, such as cell arrest and apoptosis. To date, limited information is available on these effects in cutaneous malignancies. In this review, we focused on the effect of omega-3 PUFAs on skin cancers, especially malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and squamous cell carcinoma and discussed the detailed molecular mechanism of the omega-3 PUFA-mediated anti-tumor response. We also explored the molecular mechanisms mediated by epigenetic modifications, cell adhesion molecules, and anti-tumor immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11112149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T20:58:21Z","timestamp":1637528301000},"page":"2149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Influences of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Development of Skin Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yoko","family":"Minokawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-Ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-Ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motonobu","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-Ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.198","article-title":"Skin as a peripheral lymphoid organ: Revisiting the concept of skin-associated lymphoid tissues","volume":"131","author":"Egawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0084-5","article-title":"The immunological anatomy of the skin","volume":"19","author":"Kabashima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0256-2","article-title":"The epithelial immune microenvironment (EIME) in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis","volume":"19","author":"Dainichi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16137","article-title":"Liver fibrosis is associated with cutaneous inflammation in the imiquimod-induced murine model of psoriasiform dermatitis","volume":"179","author":"Vasseur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535264","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3535264","article-title":"Psoriasis-Like Inflammation Induced Renal Dysfunction through the TLR\/NF-\u03baB Signal Pathway","volume":"2020","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1132","article-title":"Generalized fixed drug eruption caused by pazufloxacin","volume":"91","author":"Sawada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.06.036","article-title":"Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2))-EP2 signaling negatively regulates murine atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation by suppressing thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression","volume":"144","author":"Sawada","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.01.054","article-title":"Thromboxane A(2) facilitates IL-17A production from V\u03b34(+) \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and promotes psoriatic dermatitis in mice","volume":"142","author":"Ueharaguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawada, Y., Saito-Sasaki, N., Mashima, E., and Nakamura, M. (2021). Daily Lifestyle and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105204"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wada, A., Sawada, Y., Sugino, H., and Nakamura, M. (2021). Angioedema and Fatty Acids. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169000"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623052","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.623052","article-title":"Omega 3 Fatty Acid and Skin Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Sawada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23623-9","article-title":"Maresin-1 suppresses imiquimod-induced skin inflammation by regulating IL-23 receptor expression","volume":"8","author":"Sawada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30373-1","article-title":"Resolvin E1 attenuates murine psoriatic dermatitis","volume":"8","author":"Sawada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150381","article-title":"Resolvin E1 inhibits dendritic cell migration in the skin and attenuates contact hypersensitivity responses","volume":"212","author":"Sawada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawada, Y., and Nakamura, M. (2021). Daily Lifestyle and Cutaneous Malignancies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105227"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, Q.V., Malau-Aduli, B.S., Cavalieri, J., Malau-Aduli, A.E.O., and Nichols, P.D. (2019). Enhancing Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content of Dairy-Derived Foods for Human Consumption. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040743"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2002.10719248","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases","volume":"21","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.03.943","article-title":"Treatment of Advanced Melanoma in 2020 and Beyond","volume":"141","author":"Jenkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simiczyjew, A., Dratkiewicz, E., Mazurkiewicz, J., Zi\u0119tek, M., Matkowski, R., and Nowak, D. (2020). The Influence of Tumor Microenvironment on Immune Escape of Melanoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218359"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1103782","article-title":"Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation","volume":"364","author":"Chapman","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0248-4900(01)01125-X","article-title":"The Raf\/MEK\/ERK pathway: New concepts of activation","volume":"93","author":"Peyssonnaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, T., Haist, M., Kuske, M., Grabbe, S., and Bros, M. (2021). Immunomodulatory Properties of BRAF and MEK Inhibitors Used for Melanoma Therapy-Paradoxical ERK Activation and Beyond. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189890"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22071","article-title":"Whole-genome landscapes of major melanoma subtypes","volume":"545","author":"Hayward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6821","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0575","article-title":"KIT gene mutations and copy number in melanoma subtypes","volume":"14","author":"Beadling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00097-8","article-title":"Ipilimumab alone or ipilimumab plus anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma resistant to anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy: A multicentre, retrospective, cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700470","article-title":"Expression profiling of UVB response in melanocytes identifies a set of p53-target genes","volume":"126","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.11.016","article-title":"Dietary polychlorinated biphenyls, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and incidence of malignant melanoma","volume":"72","author":"Berglund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2006.02.066","article-title":"Synthesis and preliminary antitumor activity evaluation of a DHA and doxorubicin conjugate","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0b013e32832a1e2f","article-title":"Phase 2 open-label study of weekly docosahexaenoic acid-paclitaxel in cutaneous and mucosal metastatic melanoma patients","volume":"19","author":"Homsi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0b013e3283403ce9","article-title":"Phase 2 open-label study of weekly docosahexaenoic acid-paclitaxel in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Homsi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq438","article-title":"Phase 3 study of docosahexaenoic acid-paclitaxel versus dacarbazine in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma","volume":"22","author":"Bedikian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979509019757","article-title":"Immunotoxicity of polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum-free medium","volume":"17","author":"Tezabwala","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)92469-8","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces the invasive and metastatic activities of malignant tumor cells","volume":"160","author":"Reich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400474-JLR200","article-title":"Role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cyclooxygenase-2 metabolism in brain-metastatic melanoma","volume":"46","author":"Denkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr240","article-title":"DHA induces apoptosis and differentiation in human melanoma cells in vitro: Involvement of HuR-mediated COX-2 mRNA stabilization and \u03b2-catenin nuclear translocation","volume":"33","author":"Serini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgy117","article-title":"An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid derivative, 18-HEPE, protects against CXCR4-associated melanoma metastasis","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.06.010","article-title":"Role of \u03b2-catenin signaling in the anti-invasive effect of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA in human melanoma cells","volume":"84","author":"Serini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6179","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01617H","article-title":"Algal oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppresses B16F10 melanoma lung metastasis by autophagy induction","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-09-0038","article-title":"Leukotriene B4 creates a favorable microenvironment for murine melanoma growth","volume":"7","author":"Bachi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-9-56","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids synergize with lipid droplet binding thalidomide analogs to induce oxidative stress in cancer cells","volume":"9","author":"Vizler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"365","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit melanoma cell growth in vitro","volume":"70","author":"Zajdel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12499","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605394103","article-title":"Melanoma growth is reduced in fat-1 transgenic mice: Impact of omega-6\/omega-3 essential fatty acids","volume":"103","author":"Xia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, E.B., Silva, K.P.H., Paix\u00e3o, V., Amaral, J.B.D., Rossi, M., Xavier-Navarro, R.A., Barros, K.V., Silveira, V.L.F., Vieira, R.P., and Oliveira, L.V.F. (2019). A Mixture of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids \u03c9-3 and \u03c9-6 Reduces Melanoma Growth by Inhibiting Inflammatory Mediators in the Murine Tumor Microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153765"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"4139","article-title":"Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of melanoma cells by docosahexaenoic acid: Association with decreased pRb phosphorylation","volume":"60","author":"Albino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.01.037","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid, G protein-coupled receptors, and melanoma: Is G protein-coupled receptor 40 a potential therapeutic target?","volume":"188","author":"Nehra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000564","article-title":"Combination of \u03c9-3 fatty acids and cisplatin as a potential alternative strategy for personalized therapy of metastatic melanoma: An in-vitro study","volume":"29","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.30889","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acids enhance chemosensitivity through connexin 43 upregulation in murine melanoma models","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20462","article-title":"Enhancement of arsenic trioxide-mediated apoptosis using docosahexaenoic acid in arsenic trioxide-resistant solid tumor cells","volume":"112","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"3195","article-title":"N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids accentuate B16 melanoma growth and metastasis through suppression of tumoricidal function of T cells and macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Salem","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170681","article-title":"Resolvins suppress tumor growth and enhance cancer therapy","volume":"215","author":"Sulciner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1113713","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced basal-cell carcinoma","volume":"366","author":"Sekulic","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63980-6","article-title":"Role of P.PTCH and p53 genes in early-onset basal cell carcinoma","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.7.523","article-title":"UV-radiation-specific p53 mutation frequency in normal skin as a predictor of risk of basal cell carcinoma","volume":"90","author":"Ouhtit","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4954","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401141101","article-title":"The basal layer in human squamous tumors harbors more UVA than UVB fingerprint mutations: A role for UVA in human skin carcinogenesis","volume":"101","author":"Agar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0434","article-title":"Plasma omega-3 and omega-6 concentrations and risk of cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas in Australian adults","volume":"22","author":"Wallingford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-1765","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and the Risk of Keratinocyte Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Seviiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3768","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-09-3502","article-title":"WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas","volume":"105","author":"Willemze","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.00501","article-title":"Revised Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma International Consensus Meeting Report","volume":"37","author":"Cook","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-316794","article-title":"Type of skin eruption is an independent prognostic indicator for adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"117","author":"Sawada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2012.715351","article-title":"Combination of skin-directed therapy and oral etoposide for smoldering adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma with skin involvement","volume":"54","author":"Sawada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12328","article-title":"Skin manifestations of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: Clinical, cytological and immunological features","volume":"41","author":"Tokura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.02737.x","article-title":"A new G-CSF-supported combination chemotherapy, LSG15, for adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study 9303","volume":"113","author":"Yamada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.11.9958","article-title":"VCAP-AMP-VECP compared with biweekly CHOP for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG9801","volume":"25","author":"Tsukasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanchina, M., Soong, D., Zheng-Lin, B., Watts, J.M., and Taylor, J. (2020). Advances in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Recently Approved Therapies and Drugs in Development. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113225"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.2257","article-title":"Smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: Current diagnostic criteria, new predictors of outcome, and follow-up recommendations","volume":"28","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-015537","article-title":"Emodin and DHA potently increase arsenic trioxide interferon-alpha-induced cell death of HTLV-I-transformed cells by generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of Akt and AP-1","volume":"109","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01501","article-title":"Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma\u2019s New Genomics: The Bridge and the Chasm","volume":"38","author":"Crombie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.168658","article-title":"Trans fatty acid intake is associated with increased risk and n3 fatty acid intake with reduced risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"143","author":"Charbonneau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2018.1502328","article-title":"Low Plasma Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels May Predict Inferior Prognosis in Untreated Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A New Modifiable Dietary Biomarker?","volume":"70","author":"Thanarajasingam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10830.x","article-title":"A systematic review of worldwide incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer","volume":"166","author":"Lomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corchado-Cobos, R., Garc\u00eda-Sancha, N., Gonz\u00e1lez-Sarmiento, R., P\u00e9rez-Losada, J., and Ca\u00f1ueto, J. (2020). Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Biology to Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082956"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-016-0207-3","article-title":"Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review of High-Risk and Metastatic Disease","volume":"17","author":"Burton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e399","DOI":"10.3747\/co.27.6015","article-title":"Multidisciplinary management of locally advanced and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Claveau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-3278(89)90095-1","article-title":"Comparison of the inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on prostaglandin synthesis I oral squamous carcinoma cells","volume":"38","author":"Elattar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt257","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids selectively inhibit growth in neoplastic oral keratinocytes by differentially activating ERK1\/2","volume":"34","author":"Nikolakopoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.07.016","article-title":"Anti-cancer and analgesic effects of resolvin D2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"139","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"2919","article-title":"Inhibition of translation initiation mediates the anticancer effect of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid","volume":"60","author":"Palakurthi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601136","article-title":"n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease mucosal\/epidermal reactions and enhance antitumour effect of ionising radiation with inhibition of tumour angiogenesis","volume":"89","author":"Wen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21580","article-title":"Lean body mass gain in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer treated perioperatively with a protein- and energy-dense nutritional supplement containing eicosapentaenoic acid","volume":"33","author":"Weed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2018.1460678","article-title":"Effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Body Composition and Inflammation Markers in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer from a Public Hospital in Mexico","volume":"70","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5043","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14507","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on the Migration of the Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line TE-1","volume":"40","author":"Kubota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.10.012","article-title":"Role of Epigenetics in the Regulation of Immune Functions of the Skin","volume":"141","author":"Sawada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe1935","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe1935","article-title":"Cutaneous innate immune tolerance is mediated by epigenetic control of MAP2K3 by HDAC8\/9","volume":"6","author":"Sawada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugino, H., Sawada, Y., and Nakamura, M. (2021). IgA Vasculitis: Etiology, Treatment, Biomarkers and Epigenetic Changes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147538"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520618666181018143026","article-title":"The Anticancer Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids was Closely Associated with the Increase in Genomic DNA Hydroxymethylation","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00458","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3820","article-title":"Investigation of Genetic Mutations in High-risk and Low-risk Basal Cell Carcinoma in a Non-Caucasian Population by Whole Exome Sequencing","volume":"101","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102835","article-title":"UVB induces cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression by de novo ID4 methylation via methylation regulating enzymes","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap7309","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap7309","article-title":"Immunity drives TET1 regulation in cancer through NF-\u03baB","volume":"4","author":"Collignon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-02-699843","article-title":"Candidate driver genes involved in genome maintenance and DNA repair in S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"127","author":"Woollard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2006.11.006","article-title":"Conjugated EPA activates mutant p53 via lipid peroxidation and induces p53-dependent apoptosis in DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma human cells","volume":"1771","author":"Tsuzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/01635580701328362","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a primary tumor suppressive omega-3 fatty acid, inhibits growth of colorectal cancer independent of p53 mutational status","volume":"58","author":"Kato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M600269-JLR200","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits cancer cell growth via p27Kip1, CDK2, ERK1\/ERK2, and retinoblastoma phosphorylation","volume":"47","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-011-0580-6","article-title":"Interruption of the MEK\/ERK signaling cascade promotes dihydroartemisinin-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr132","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cells and mouse mammary tissue through syndecan-1 inhibition of the MEK-Erk pathway","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2012.11.010","article-title":"Curcumin and docosahexaenoic acid block insulin-induced colon carcinoma cell proliferation","volume":"88","author":"Fenton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.01.005","article-title":"A high expression of cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) is an unfavorable prognostic factor in mycosis fungoides","volume":"193","author":"Mashima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawada, Y., Mashima, E., Saito-Sasaki, N., and Nakamura, M. (2020). The Role of Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (CADM1) in Cutaneous Malignancies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249732"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito-Sasaki, N., Sawada, Y., Okada, E., and Nakamura, M. (2021). Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (CADM1) Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Patients with Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11050830"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-3278(02)00230-2","article-title":"Association between E-cadherin expression by human colon, bladder and breast cancer cells and the 13-HODE:15-HETE ratio. A possible role of their metastatic potential","volume":"68","author":"Pasqualini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589809514694","article-title":"Effects of fatty acids on liver metastasis of ACL-15 rat colon cancer cells","volume":"31","author":"Iwamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"2045","article-title":"Nivolumab in the treatment of malignant melanoma: Review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Mashima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14643","article-title":"Profile fluctuation of peripheral blood in advanced melanoma patients treated with nivolumab","volume":"45","author":"Saito","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, R., Sawada, Y., and Nakamura, M. (2021). Immune Profile Analysis in Peripheral Blood and Tumor in Patients with Malignant Melanoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041957"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13797","article-title":"Hypopituitarism and hypothyroidism following atrioventricular block during nivolumab treatment","volume":"44","author":"Oda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, S., Sawada, Y., and Nakamura, M. (2021). STING Signaling and Skin Cancers. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13225603"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlsson, J.A., Wold, A.E., Sandberg, A.S., and \u00d6stman, S.M. (2015). The Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Induce Mouse Dendritic Cells Maturation but Reduce T-Cell Responses In Vitro. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143741"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/11\/2149\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:33:04Z","timestamp":1760167984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/11\/2149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11112149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11112149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]}}}