{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:47:41Z","timestamp":1790938061863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0060657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0060657"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients admitted to hospital with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may develop acute respiratory failure (ARF) with compromised gas exchange. These patients require oxygen and possibly ventilatory support, which can be delivered via different devices. Initially, oxygen therapy will often be administered through a conventional binasal oxygen catheter or air-entrainment mask. However, when higher rates of oxygen flow are needed, patients are often stepped up to high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). BiPAP, CPAP, and HFNC may be beneficial alternatives to IMV for COVID-19-associated ARF. Current evidence suggests that when nasal catheter oxygen therapy is insufficient for adequate oxygenation of patients with COVID-19-associated ARF, CPAP should be provided for prolonged periods. Subsequent escalation to IMV may be implemented if necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T21:19:08Z","timestamp":1638479948000},"page":"2259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Management of COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Failure with Alternatives to Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: High-Flow Oxygen, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, and Noninvasive Ventilation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Bonnesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Respiratory Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4036-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens-Ulrik St\u00e6hr","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Respiratory Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7743-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus Nielsen","family":"Jeschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4675-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander G.","family":"Mathioudakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"},{"name":"North West Lung Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3278-436X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"Corlateanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cNicolae Testemitanu\u201d, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7269-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ejvind Frausing","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla M\u00f8ller","family":"Weinreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, University of Aalborg, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"The Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Hilberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Little Belt Hospital, 7100 Vejle, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8620-3655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeesh","family":"Sivapalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Respiratory Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs016","article-title":"Airflow obstruction, lung function, and risk of incident heart failure: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study","volume":"14","author":"Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. 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