{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T09:17:40Z","timestamp":1785489460919,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS) is a chronic, often incapacitating condition characterized by pain seeming to originate in the bladder in conjunction with lower urinary tract symptoms of frequency and urgency, and consists of a wide range of clinical phenotypes with diverse etiologies. There are currently no diagnostic tests for IC\/BPS. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a relatively new tool to assess IC\/BPS. There are several methodologies that can be applied to assess either bladder wall or brain-associated alterations in tissue morphology and\/or pain. IC\/BPS is commonly associated with bladder wall hyperpermeability (BWH), particularly in severe cases. Our group developed a contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) approach to assess BWH in preclinical models for IC\/BPS, as well as for a pilot study for IC\/BPS patients. We have also used the CE-MRI approach to assess possible therapies to alleviate the BWH in preclinical models for IC\/BPS, which will hopefully pave the way for future clinical trials. In addition, we have used molecular-targeted MRI (mt-MRI) to quantitatively assess BWH biomarkers. Biomarkers, such as claudin-2, may be important to assess and determine the severity of BWH, as well as to assess therapeutic efficacy. Others have also used other MRI approaches to assess the bladder wall structural alterations with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), by measuring changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), as well as using functional MRI (fMRI) to assess pain and morphological MRI or DWI to assess anatomical or structural changes in the brains of patients with IC\/BPS. It would be beneficial if MRI-based diagnostic tests could be routinely used for these patients and possibly used to assess potential therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:52:32Z","timestamp":1639086752000},"page":"2298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["MRI as a Tool to Assess Interstitial Cystitis Associated Bladder and Brain Pathologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rheal A.","family":"Towner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nataliya","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14229","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome: The evolving landscape, animal models and future perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Akiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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