{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T17:27:04Z","timestamp":1787851624009,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F2019501101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2019501101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61401080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61401080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Facial temperature distribution in healthy people shows contralateral symmetry, which is generally disrupted by facial paralysis. This study aims to develop a quantitative thermal asymmetry analysis method for early diagnosis of facial paralysis in infrared thermal images. First, to improve the reliability of thermal image analysis, the facial regions of interest (ROIs) were segmented using corner and edge detection. A new temperature feature was then defined using the maximum and minimum temperature, and it was combined with the texture feature to represent temperature distribution of facial ROIs. Finally, Minkowski distance was used to measure feature symmetry of bilateral ROIs. The feature symmetry vectors were input into support vector machine to evaluate the degree of facial thermal symmetry. The results showed that there were significant differences in thermal symmetry between patients with facial paralysis and healthy people. The accuracy of the proposed method for early diagnosis of facial paralysis was 0.933, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.947. In conclusion, temperature and texture features can effectively quantify thermal asymmetry caused by facial paralysis, and the application of machine learning in early detection of facial paralysis in thermal images is feasible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:52:32Z","timestamp":1639086752000},"page":"2309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Facial Paralysis Detection in Infrared Thermal Images Using Asymmetry Analysis of Temperature and Texture Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6359-9570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xulong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingmin","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2707588","article-title":"An Unobtrusive Computerized Assessment Framework for Unilateral Peripheral Facial Paralysis","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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