{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:40Z","timestamp":1787027920378,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008679","name":"University of C\u00f3rdoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["This research was partially funded by Research Plan of the University of C\u00f3rdoba, Spain, sub-modality 3.1, year 2019."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This research was partially funded by Research Plan of the University of C\u00f3rdoba, Spain, sub-modality 3.1, year 2019."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An analysis of the muscle mechanical properties (MMPs) of the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) is relevant for understanding the physiopathology of urinary incontinence (UI). However, there is no objective and reliable methodology currently available for quantifying the MMPs of PFMs. Thus, the objective was to determine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the MMPs of PFM assessment with a hand-held tonometer device, called the MyotonPRO, in young women with and without UI. Sociodemographic and pelvic floor questionnaires, plus MMPs of PFMs were assessed in 38 nulliparous women with UI and 40 matched healthy women by two trained physiotherapists on two different occasions, 48\u201372 h apart. Good to excellent absolute reliability was found for tone, stiffness, and decrement of both intra- and inter-rater analyses in both study groups (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ranged from 0.75 to 0.92), with a trend of lower values for relaxation and creep. The standard error of measurement (SEM) did not achieve 10% of the mean values for any MMPs. The minimum detectable change (MDC) values were also provided for clinical applications. In conclusion, the relative reliability of tone, stiffness, and the assessment of the decrement of PFMs with MyotonPRO is good to excellent for UI and healthy women. The SEM and MDC values were acceptable for their application in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:52:32Z","timestamp":1639086752000},"page":"2315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Absolute and Relative Reliability of the Assessment of the Muscle Mechanical Properties of Pelvic Floor Muscles in Women with and without Urinary Incontinence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3651-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiana Priscila","family":"Rodrigues-de-Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Alcaraz-Clariana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1735-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Garc\u00eda-Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Carmona-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0871-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Garrido-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, Rabanales Campus, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Cruz-Medel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula R.","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3892-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Alburquerque-Send\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000380","article-title":"Female Pelvic Floor Biomechanics: Bridging the Gap","volume":"27","author":"Easley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2017.03.003","article-title":"Anatomy and Physiology of the Pelvic Floor","volume":"28","author":"Eickmeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.01.020","article-title":"Influence of Pelvic Floor Muscle Contraction on the Profile of Vaginal Closure Pressure in Continent and Stress Urinary Incontinent Women","volume":"179","author":"Shishido","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-115736","article-title":"Urinary Incontinence in Physically Active Young Women: Prevalence and Related Factors","volume":"38","author":"Alves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.10.003","article-title":"The Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in Nulliparous Adolescent and Middle-Aged Women and the Associated Risk Factors: A Systematic Review","volume":"107","author":"Almousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"208","article-title":"Determinants of Urinary Incontinence in a Population of Young and Middle-Aged Women","volume":"79","author":"Samuelsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1786-z","article-title":"Prevalence Study of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women Who Perform High-Impact Exercises","volume":"23","author":"Fozzatti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)02243-4","article-title":"The Standardisation of Terminology in Lower Urinary Tract Function: Report from the Standardisation Sub-Committee of the International Continence Society","volume":"61","author":"Abrams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109436","article-title":"Age-Associated Changes in the Mechanical Properties of Human Cadaveric Pelvic Floor Muscles","volume":"98","author":"Burnett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-014-2439-1","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Pelvic Soft Tissue of Young Women and Impact of Aging","volume":"25","author":"Chantereau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-2954-3","article-title":"Stress Urinary Incontinence Is Highly Prevalent in Recreationally Active Women Attending Gyms or Exercise Classes","volume":"27","author":"McKenzie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2012.672564","article-title":"A Biomechanical Model to Assess the Contribution of Pelvic Musculature Weakness to the Development of Stress Urinary Incontinence","volume":"17","author":"Yip","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13186","article-title":"Characterizing Levator-Ani Muscle Stiffness Pre- and Post-Childbirth in European and Polynesian Women in New Zealand: A Pilot Study","volume":"96","author":"Kruger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzx012","article-title":"Pelvic-Floor Properties in Women Reporting Urinary Incontinence After Surgery and Radiotherapy for Endometrial Cancer","volume":"97","author":"Bernard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20336","article-title":"Postural Response of the Pelvic Floor and Abdominal Muscles in Women with and without Incontinence","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc.2015-85","article-title":"Myotonometry Reliably Measures Muscle Stiffness in the Thenar and Perineal Muscles","volume":"69","author":"Davidson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiother. Can."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31817e13b6","article-title":"Reliability of Physical Examination for Diagnosis of Myofascial Trigger Points: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"25","author":"Lucas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20144","article-title":"Standardization of Terminology of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function and Dysfunction: Report from the Pelvic Floor Clinical Assessment Group of the International Continence Society","volume":"24","author":"Messelink","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24192","article-title":"Is It Time to Rethink Using Digital Palpation for Assessment of Muscle Stiffness?","volume":"39","author":"Davidson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/biores.2019.0041","article-title":"A Novel Rehabilitative Protocol in the Treatment of Mixed Urinary Incontinence in Women: The Effects of Focused Mechano-Acoustic Vibration","volume":"8","author":"Paolucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biores. Open Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2019_436","article-title":"Integrated Rehabilitation Approach with Manual and Mechanic-Acoustic Vibration Therapies for Urinary Incontinence","volume":"7","author":"Barassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22924","article-title":"Intra-Rater Reliability and Diagnostic Accuracy of a New Vaginal Dynamometer to Measure Pelvic Floor Muscle Strength in Women with Urinary Incontinence","volume":"36","author":"Arnau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.13028","article-title":"Active and Passive Components of Pelvic Floor Muscle Tone in Women with Provoked Vestibulodynia: A Perspective Based on a Review of the Literature","volume":"12","author":"Morin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2004.06.001","article-title":"Comparison of Surface Electromyography and Myotonometric Measurements during Voluntary Isometric Contractions","volume":"14","author":"Leonard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1159\/000485462","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the MyotonPRO in Dementia Patients with Paratonia","volume":"64","author":"Drenth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"617694","article-title":"Quantitative Mechanical Properties of the Relaxed Biceps and Triceps Brachii Muscles in Patients with Subacute Stroke: A Reliability Study of the Myoton-3 Myometer","volume":"2012","author":"Chuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcaraz-Clariana, S., Garc\u00eda-Luque, L., Garrido-castro, J.L., Carmona-P\u00e9rez, C., and Rodrigues-de-souza, D.P. (2021). Paravertebral Muscle Mechanical Properties and Spinal Range of Motion in Patients with Acute Neck or Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020352"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.12678\/1089-313X.22.4.179","article-title":"Patellar Tendon Stiffness in Elite Breakdancers Assessed by Myotonometric Measurement","volume":"22","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Danc. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.002","article-title":"Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) Were Proposed","volume":"64","author":"Kottner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00005","article-title":"The Sensitivity and Specificity of a Simple Test to Distinguish between Urge and Stress Urinary Incontinence","volume":"144","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1894-9","article-title":"Spanish Translation and Validation of Four Short Pelvic Floor Disorders Questionnaires","volume":"24","author":"Treszezamsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J. Pelvic Floor Dysfunct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.12.025","article-title":"Short Forms of Two Condition-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaires for Women with Pelvic Floor Disorders (PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7)","volume":"193","author":"Barber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.07.006","article-title":"Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory Short Form (PFDI-20) and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire Short Form (PFIQ-7) Spanish Versions","volume":"170","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obs. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"7649157","article-title":"Analysis of Biomechanical Properties of the Lumbar Extensor Myofascia in Elderly Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain and That in Healthy People","volume":"2020","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Myoton, A.S. (2012). MyotonPro User Manual, Myoton AS."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, J.L.G., Valera, I.C.A., Amaro, J.P., Galisteo, A.M., Navas, C.G., De Souza, D.P.R., Clariana, S.A., Luque, L.G., S\u00e1nchez, I.R.M., and Medina, C.L. (2021). Mechanical Properties of Lumbar and Cervical Paravertebral Muscles in Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Case - Control Study. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091662"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Jim\u00e9nez, M., Alburquerque-Send\u00edn, F., Garrido-Castro, J.L., and Rodrigues-de-Sousa, D.P. (2021). Reliability of Cervical Muscles Strength Assessment with a Handheld Dynamometer in Individuals with Shoulder Pain. Physiother. Theory Pract., in press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2012.03.005","article-title":"Quadriceps Muscle Tone, Elasticity and Stiffness in Older Males: Reliability and Symmetry Using the MyotonPRO","volume":"55","author":"Aird","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/6\/002","article-title":"Evaluation of Viscoelastic Parameters of the Skeletal Muscles in Junior Triathletes","volume":"28","author":"Gavronski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agyapong-Badu, S., Warner, M.B., Samuel, D., Koutra, V., and Stokes, M. (2021). Non-Invasive Biomarkers of Musculoskeletal Health with High Discriminant Ability for Age and Gender. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071352"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.06.006","article-title":"Biomechanical Properties of Low Back Myofascial Tissue in Younger Adult Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients and Matched Healthy Control Subjects","volume":"57","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"231","article-title":"Quantifying Test-Retest Reliabilty Using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and SEM","volume":"19","author":"Weir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.4705","article-title":"Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change of 3-Dimensional Scapular Orientation in Individuals with and without Shoulder Impingement","volume":"44","author":"Haik","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-015-2938-8","article-title":"Validation and Cultural Translation for Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ-7) and Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20)","volume":"27","author":"Arouca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13998","article-title":"Investigation of the Relationship between the Pelvic Floor and Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Cetin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(00)00061-9","article-title":"Passive Extensibility of Skeletal Muscle: Review of the Literature with Clinical Implications","volume":"16","author":"Gajdosik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.09.014","article-title":"Reliability, Validity, and Responsiveness of Myotonometric Measurement of Muscle Tone, Elasticity, and Stiffness in Patients with Stroke","volume":"93","author":"Chuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32418-x","article-title":"Quantifying Paraspinal Muscle Tone and Stiffness in Young Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Reliability Study","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000119","article-title":"Reproducible Measurements of Muscle Characteristics Using the MyotonPRO Device: Comparison between Individuals with and Without Paratonia","volume":"41","author":"Hobbelen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23937","article-title":"The Impact of a Familiarization Session on the Magnitude and Stability of Active and Passive Pelvic Floor Muscle Forces Measured through Intravaginal Dynamometry","volume":"38","author":"Czyrnyj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.08.006","article-title":"Three Methods for Minimally Important Difference: No Relationship Was Found with the Net Proportion of Patients Improving","volume":"60","author":"Lemieux","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20603","article-title":"Reliability of Dynamometric Passive Properties of the Pelvic Floor Muscles in Postmenopausal Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence","volume":"27","author":"Morin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23575","article-title":"An Automated Intravaginal Dynamometer: Reliability Metrics and the Impact of Testing Protocol on Active and Passive Forces Measured from the Pelvic Floor Muscles","volume":"37","author":"Czyrnyj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-021-04881-0","article-title":"Reliability, Validity and Responsiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Surface Electromyography and Manometry","volume":"32","author":"Stuge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1179\/1743288X11Y.0000000006","article-title":"The Use of Inertial Sensors System for Human Motion Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmona-P\u00e9rez, C., Garrido-Castro, J.L., Vidal, F.T., Alcaraz-clariana, S., Garc\u00eda-Luque, L., and Alburquerque-Send\u00edn, F. (2020). Concurrent Validity and Reliability of an Inertial Measurement Unit for the Assessment of Craniocervical Range of Motion in Subjects with Cerebral Palsy. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10020080"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.02.008","article-title":"Contribution of Pelvic Floor Muscles to Stiffness of the Pelvic Ring","volume":"19","author":"Mulder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.03.040","article-title":"Systemic and Vaginal Biomechanical Properties of Women with Normal Vaginal Support and Pelvic Organ Prolapse","volume":"197","author":"Epstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.05.017","article-title":"Biomechanical Properties and Associated Collagen Composition in Vaginal Tissue of Women with Pelvic Organ Prolapse","volume":"188","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/12\/2315\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:43:56Z","timestamp":1760168636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/12\/2315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11122315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11122315","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]}}}