{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:12:14Z","timestamp":1783098734416,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French state funds managed by the ANR under reference ANR-10-IAHU-02","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Diagnosing cardiac amyloidosis (CA) from cine-CMR (cardiac magnetic resonance) alone is not reliable. In this study, we tested if a convolutional neural network (CNN) could outperform the visual diagnosis of experienced operators. Method: 119 patients with cardiac amyloidosis and 122 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) of other origins were retrospectively selected. Diastolic and systolic cine-CMR images were preprocessed and labeled. A dual-input visual geometry group (VGG ) model was used for binary image classification. All images belonging to the same patient were distributed in the same set. Accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated per frame and per patient from a 40% held-out test set. Results were compared to a visual analysis assessed by three experienced operators. Results: frame-based comparisons between humans and a CNN provided an accuracy of 0.605 vs. 0.746 (p &lt; 0.0008) and an AUC of 0.630 vs. 0.824 (p &lt; 0.0001). Patient-based comparisons provided an accuracy of 0.660 vs. 0.825 (p &lt; 0.008) and an AUC of 0.727 vs. 0.895 (p &lt; 0.002). Conclusion: based on cine-CMR images alone, a CNN is able to discriminate cardiac amyloidosis from LVH of other origins better than experienced human operators (15 to 20 points more in absolute value for accuracy and AUC), demonstrating a unique capability to identify what the eyes cannot see through classical radiological analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T08:12:15Z","timestamp":1640765535000},"page":"69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Deep Learning Supplants Visual Analysis by Experienced Operators for the Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis by Cine-CMR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"Germain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nouvel Hopital Civil, University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armine","family":"Vardazaryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"IHU  (Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire), 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Padoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"IHU  (Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire), 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aissam","family":"Labani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nouvel Hopital Civil, University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nouvel Hopital Civil, University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Hellmut","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"El Ghannudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nouvel Hopital Civil, University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nouvel Hopital Civil, University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2140","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis. 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