{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:03:32Z","timestamp":1791241412241,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS) is defined as a chronic bladder disorder with suprapubic pain (pelvic pain) and pressure and\/or discomfort related to bladder filling accompanied by lower urinary tract symptoms, such as urinary frequency and urgency without urinary tract infection (UTI) lasting for at least 6 weeks. IC\/BPS presents significant bladder pain and frequency urgency symptoms with unknown etiology, and it is without a widely accepted standard in diagnosis. Patients\u2019 pathological features through cystoscopy and histologic features of bladder biopsy determine the presence or absence of Hunner lesions. IC\/PBS is categorized into Hunner (ulcerative) type IC\/BPS (HIC\/BPS) or non-Hunner (nonulcerative) type IC\/BPS (NHIC\/BPS). The pathophysiology of IC\/BPS is composed of multiple possible factors, such as chronic inflammation, autoimmune disorders, neurogenic hyperactivity, urothelial defects, abnormal angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and exogenous urine substances, which play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of IC\/BPS. Abnormal expressions of several urine and serum specimens, including growth factor, methylhistamine, glycoprotein, chemokine and cytokines, might be useful as biomarkers for IC\/BPS diagnosis. Further studies to identify the key molecules in IC\/BPS will help to improve the efficacy of treatment and identify biomarkers of the disease. In this review, we discuss the potential medical therapy and assessment of therapeutic outcome with urinary biomarkers for IC\/BPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T08:12:15Z","timestamp":1640765535000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Urinary Biomarkers in Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome and Its Impact on Therapeutic Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hung-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, E-Da Cancer & E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9108-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-He","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Mien","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8581-9311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuang-Shun","family":"Chueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai-Jui","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Taipei 114201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0607-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Shun","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"578","article-title":"Clinical guidelines for interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Homma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol. Off. J. Jpn. Urol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23072","article-title":"A standard for terminology in chronic pelvic pain syndromes: A report from the chronic pelvic pain working group of the international continence society","volume":"36","author":"Doggweiler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)61948-7","article-title":"The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis revisited: Lessons learned from the National Institutes of Health Interstitial Cystitis Database study","volume":"161","author":"Hanno","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.08.133","article-title":"Psychosocial phenotyping in women with interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome: A case control study","volume":"183","author":"Nickel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2009.02326.x","article-title":"Clinical guidelines for interstitial cystitis and hypersensitive bladder syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Homma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10052","article-title":"The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: Report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14399","article-title":"Guideline of guidelines: Bladder pain syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Malde","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000146466.71311.ab","article-title":"Do the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases cystoscopic criteria associate with other clinical and objective features of interstitial cystitis?","volume":"173","author":"Erickson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13118","article-title":"Clinical guidelines for interstitial cystitis and hypersensitive bladder updated in 2015","volume":"23","author":"Homma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3574-x","article-title":"Morbidity rate and medical utilization in interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2000.00855.x","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis in Japan","volume":"86","author":"Ito","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)00205-8","article-title":"Research guidelines for chronic prostatitis: Consensus report from the first National Institutes of Health International Prostatitis Collaborative Network","volume":"54","author":"Nickel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.11.016","article-title":"Comparison of baseline urological symptoms in men and women in the MAPP research cohort","volume":"193","author":"Clemens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.03.073","article-title":"Chronic pelvic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms in both sexes: Analysis of 2749 participants of an urban health screening project","volume":"55","author":"Marszalek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E270","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.4798","article-title":"The X-Y factor: Females and males with urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome present distinct clinical phenotypes","volume":"12","author":"Hosier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Urol. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.09.019","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature for painful bladder syndrome\/interstitial cystitis: An ESSIC proposal","volume":"53","author":"Nordling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"EAU Guidelines on Chronic Pelvic Pain","volume":"18","author":"Engeler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Assoc. Urol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(96)00179-3","article-title":"Cystoscopic changes in interstitial cystitis","volume":"48","author":"Parsons","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)80336-7","article-title":"Associations among cystoscopic findings and symptoms and physical examination findings in women enrolled in the Interstitial Cystitis Data Base (ICDB) Study","volume":"49","author":"Messing","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)80337-9","article-title":"Associations among cystoscopic and urodynamic findings for women enrolled in the Interstitial Cystitis Data Base (ICDB) Study","volume":"49","author":"Nigro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2012","article-title":"Urothelial signaling","volume":"93","author":"Birder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maeda, D., Akiyama, Y., Morikawa, T., Kunita, A., Ota, Y., Katoh, H., Niimi, A., Nomiya, A., Ishikawa, S., and Goto, A. (2015). Hunner-Type (Classic) Interstitial Cystitis: A Distinct Inflammatory Disorder Characterized by Pancystitis, with Frequent Expansion of Clonal B-Cells and Epithelial Denudation. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143316"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08847.x","article-title":"Bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis in a Danish population: A study using the 2008 criteria of the European Society for the Study of Interstitial Cystitis","volume":"105","author":"Richter","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2000.00646.x","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis: A review of immunological aspects of the aetiology and pathogenesis, with a hypothesis","volume":"85","author":"Arendsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1613","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90344.2008","article-title":"Urothelial expression of neuropilins and VEGF receptors in control and interstitial cystitis patients","volume":"295","author":"Saban","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1159\/000282832","article-title":"Distinctive ultrastructural pathology of nonulcerative interstitial cystitis: New observations and their potential significance in pathogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Elbadawi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01166-9","article-title":"Biopsy features are associated with primary symptoms in interstitial cystitis: Results from the interstitial cystitis database study","volume":"57","author":"Tomaszewski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01262.x","article-title":"Characterization of upper lamina propria interstitial cells in bladders from patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity and bladder pain syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Gevaert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.06.028","article-title":"Autoimmunity to uroplakin II causes cystitis in mice: A novel model of interstitial cystitis","volume":"61","author":"Altuntas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01129-3","article-title":"Mast cell involvement in interstitial cystitis: A review of human and experimental evidence","volume":"57","author":"Theoharides","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7665","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.12.7665","article-title":"Human mast cells express corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors and CRH leads to selective secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"174","author":"Cao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.5.2410","article-title":"Direct neurite-mast cell communication in vitro occurs via the neuropeptide substance P","volume":"163","author":"Suzuki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67669-9","article-title":"Activation of bladder mast cells in interstitial cystitis: A light and electron microscopic study","volume":"153","author":"Theoharides","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1993.tb15986.x","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis: Correlation with nerve fibres, mast cells and histamine","volume":"71","author":"Lundeberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.08.1109","article-title":"The mast cell in interstitial cystitis: Role in pathophysiology and pathogenesis","volume":"69","author":"Sant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.10.001","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor antagonist mechanisms of action: A comprehensive review","volume":"117","author":"Tracey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y.H., Peng, C.H., Liu, H.T., and Kuo, H.C. (2013). Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein and nerve growth factor expressions in serum of patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076779"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.11.007","article-title":"CXCR3 binding chemokine and TNFSF14 over expression in bladder urothelium of patients with ulcerative interstitial cystitis","volume":"183","author":"Ogawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)32739-8","article-title":"Inflammatory mediator profile in urine and bladder wash fluid of patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"152","author":"Felsen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64750-7","article-title":"Mast cell activation triggers a urothelial inflammatory response mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"168","author":"Batler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2007.10.005","article-title":"RDP58 inhibits T cell-mediated bladder inflammation in an autoimmune cystitis model","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.06.038","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of adalimumab for interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"191","author":"Bosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2165\/00063030-200822050-00005","article-title":"A PEGylated Fab\u2019 fragment against tumor necrosis factor for the treatment of Crohn disease: Exploring a new mechanism of action","volume":"22","author":"Bourne","year":"2008","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12308","article-title":"Bladder afferent hyperexcitability in bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis","volume":"21","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.09.038","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in chronic pain","volume":"234","author":"Nicotra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2013.03.010","article-title":"Highlights in basic autonomic neuroscience: Contribution of the urothelium to sensory mechanisms in the urinary bladder","volume":"177","year":"2013","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2015.19.3.151","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect and Possible Mechanism of Intraurethral Stimulation on Overactive Bladder in Female Rats","volume":"19","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1661","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.91054.2008","article-title":"Bladder hyperactivity and increased excitability of bladder afferent neurons associated with reduced expression of Kv1.4 alpha-subunit in rats with cystitis","volume":"296","author":"Hayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(06)00563-5","article-title":"Localization of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in human bladder disorders and their clinical correlations","volume":"176","author":"Mukerji","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.05.049","article-title":"Increased mRNA expression of genes involved in pronociceptive inflammatory reactions in bladder tissue of interstitial cystitis","volume":"190","author":"Homma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.01.010","article-title":"Evaluation of prostaglandin E2 and E-series prostaglandin receptor in patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"193","author":"Wada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08675.x","article-title":"Urinary nerve growth factor level is increased in patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome and decreased in responders to treatment","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.10.007","article-title":"Capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in urothelium of neurogenic human bladders and effect of intravesical resiniferatoxin","volume":"65","author":"Apostolidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000099660.46774.3c","article-title":"Up-regulation of P2X3 receptor during stretch of bladder urothelial cells from patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"171","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000132769.71014.b5","article-title":"Role of C afferent fibers and monitoring of intravesical resiniferatoxin therapy for patients with idiopathic detrusor overactivity","volume":"172","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2020.102168","article-title":"Structural insights into the gating mechanisms of TRPV channels","volume":"87","author":"Pumroy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11187.x","article-title":"Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 mediates nerve growth factor-induced bladder hyperactivity and noxious input","volume":"110","author":"Frias","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1159\/000355175","article-title":"Increased severity of inflammation correlates with elevated expression of TRPV1 nerve fibers and nerve growth factor on interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu, B., Tai, H.C., Chung, S.D., and Birder, L.A. (2016). Botulinum Toxin A for Bladder Pain Syndrome\/Interstitial Cystitis. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8070201"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279776","article-title":"Emerging roles of the TRPV4 channel in bladder physiology and dysfunction","volume":"599","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2009.10.002","article-title":"The vanilloid transient receptor potential channel TRPV4: From structure to disease","volume":"103","author":"Everaerts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19084","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005333107","article-title":"Inhibition of the cation channel TRPV4 improves bladder function in mice and rats with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis","volume":"107","author":"Everaerts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"25","article-title":"Pathology and terminology of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome: A review","volume":"34","author":"Akiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20847","article-title":"Bladder pain syndrome international consultation on incontinence","volume":"29","author":"Hanno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn. Off. J. Int. Cont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09911.x","article-title":"Higher levels of cell apoptosis and abnormal E-cadherin expression in the urothelium are associated with inflammation in patients with interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"108","author":"Shie","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225.e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.01.047","article-title":"Differences in mast cell infiltration, E-cadherin, and zonula occludens-1 expression between patients with overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico, R., Trovato Salinaro, A., Cordaro, M., Fusco, R., Impellizzeri, D., Interdonato, L., Scuto, M., Ontario, M.L., Crea, R., and Siracusa, R. (2021). Hidrox((R)) and Chronic Cystitis: Biochemical Evaluation of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Pain. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071046"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.09.022","article-title":"Abnormal expression of differentiation related proteins and proteoglycan core proteins in the urothelium of patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"179","author":"Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.09.022","article-title":"The distribution and function of chondroitin sulfate and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the human bladder and their contribution to the protective bladder barrier","volume":"189","author":"Janssen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99004-6","article-title":"The antioxidant responsive element. Activation by oxidative stress and identification of the DNA consensus sequence required for functional activity","volume":"266","author":"Rushmore","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.26.8.2887-2900.2006","article-title":"Keap1 recruits Neh2 through binding to ETGE and DLG motifs: Characterization of the two-site molecular recognition model","volume":"26","author":"Tong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7342","article-title":"Transcriptional Regulation by Nrf2","volume":"29","author":"Tonelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031049","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of redox cell signalling: Role of cysteine modification in controlling antioxidant defences in response to electrophilic lipid oxidation products","volume":"378","author":"Levonen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6713194","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6713194","article-title":"The Bioprotective Effects of Polyphenols on Metabolic Syndrome against Oxidative Stress: Evidences and Perspectives","volume":"2019","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-015-1021-1","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress status and antioxidant capacity in patients with painful bladder syndrome\/interstitial cystitis: Preliminary results of a randomised study","volume":"47","author":"Ener","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzatello, P., Garbarini, C., Rocca, P., and Bellino, S. (2021). Borderline Personality Disorder: Risk Factors and Early Detection. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11112142"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13291","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R900010200","article-title":"The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress","volume":"284","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21924","article-title":"p38 MAPK activity is stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 activation and is essential for shear stress-induced angiogenesis","volume":"222","author":"Gee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971.e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2011.05.050","article-title":"Increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor associated with glomerulation formation in patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"555","article-title":"Angiogenic factors, bladder neuroplasticity and interstitial cystitis-new pathobiological insights","volume":"4","author":"Saban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13972","article-title":"Angiogenesis in bladder tissues is strongly correlated with urinary frequency and bladder pain in patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Furuta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000234","article-title":"Molecular Taxonomy of Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome Based on Whole Transcriptome Profiling by Next-Generation RNA Sequencing of Bladder Mucosal Biopsies","volume":"202","author":"Akiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.09.003","article-title":"Down regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with decreased inflammation after intravesical OnabotulinumtoxinA injections combined with hydrodistention for patients with interstitial cystitis\u2014Clinical results and immunohistochemistry analysis","volume":"82","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.084","article-title":"Elevated serum IgE may be associated with development of ketamine cystitis","volume":"192","author":"Jhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2013-131776","article-title":"Evaluation of the extent of ketamine-induced uropathy: The role of CT urography","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.242","article-title":"\u201cWalking-stick ureters\u201d in ketamine abuse","volume":"80","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12256","article-title":"Increased apoptosis and suburothelial inflammation in patients with ketamine-related cystitis: A comparison with non-ulcerative interstitial cystitis and controls","volume":"112","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12841","article-title":"Possible pathophysiology of ketamine-related cystitis and associated treatment strategies","volume":"22","author":"Jhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-012-0757-8","article-title":"Mast cells: An expanding pathophysiological role from allergy to other disorders","volume":"385","author":"Anand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.01.036","article-title":"Are mast cells still good biomarkers for bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis?","volume":"193","author":"Gamper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23365","article-title":"Digital quantitative analysis of mast cell infiltration in interstitial cystitis","volume":"37","author":"Akiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13235","article-title":"Histopathological characteristics of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome without Hunner lesion","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2003.10.041","article-title":"Critical role of mast cells in inflammatory diseases and the effect of acute stress","volume":"146","author":"Theoharides","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20938","article-title":"Elevation of serum c-reactive protein in patients with OAB and IC\/BPS implies chronic inflammation in the urinary bladder","volume":"30","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.04.037","article-title":"Urinary nerve growth factor levels are elevated in patients with detrusor overactivity and decreased in responders to detrusor botulinum toxin-A injection","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.01.146","article-title":"Urinary nerve growth factor level could be a potential biomarker for diagnosis of overactive bladder","volume":"179","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08851.x","article-title":"Urinary nerve growth factor but not prostaglandin E2 increases in patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome and detrusor overactivity","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1997.00097.x","article-title":"Increased nerve growth factor levels in the urinary bladder of women with idiopathic sensory urgency and interstitial cystitis","volume":"79","author":"Lowe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12209","article-title":"Voiding diary might serve as a useful tool to understand differences between bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis and overactive bladder","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000493507","article-title":"Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A New Tool for the Diagnosis of Bladder Pain Syndrome\/Interstitial Cystitis","volume":"102","author":"Charlanes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.14440\/bladder.2019.789","article-title":"Purinergic P2X7 receptors as therapeutic targets in interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome; key role of ATP signaling in inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Taidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bladder"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.04.067","article-title":"Clinical Phenotyping Does Not Differentiate Hunner Lesion Subtype of Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Relook at the Role of Cystoscopy","volume":"196","author":"Doiron","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13970","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis, bladder pain syndrome, hypersensitive bladder, and interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome - clarification of definitions and relationships","volume":"26","author":"Homma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3109\/00365599.2012.689008","article-title":"Clinical characteristics differ considerably between phenotypes of bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis","volume":"46","author":"Logadottir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W457","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.13108","article-title":"Correlation of cystoscopically confirmed periureterally located hunner lesion with vesicoureteral reflux: Preliminary study in patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"204","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.047","article-title":"Correlation of gene expression with bladder capacity in interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"192","author":"Colaco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-019-04038-0","article-title":"Histological evidence supports low anesthetic bladder capacity as a marker of a bladder-centric disease subtype in interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Schachar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2018.07.046","article-title":"Stratification of Patients With Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome According to the Anatomical Bladder Capacity","volume":"123","author":"Mazeaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)80333-1","article-title":"The interstitial cystitis symptom index and problem index","volume":"49","author":"Sant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(21)00593-0","article-title":"Measurement of symptoms of interstitial cystitis. A pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Keller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01829-0","article-title":"Increased prevalence of interstitial cystitis: Previously unrecognized urologic and gynecologic cases identified using a new symptom questionnaire and intravesical potassium sensitivity","volume":"60","author":"Parsons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01126-8","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the O\u2019leary-Sant interstitial cystitis symptom index in a clinical trial of pentosan polysulfate sodium","volume":"57","author":"Lubeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.06.112","article-title":"The Role of Glomerulations in Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Review","volume":"195","author":"Wennevik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12062","article-title":"Alteration of Urothelial Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Junction Protein in Patients with Various Bladder Conditions and Storage Bladder Symptoms Suggest Common Pathway Involved in Underlying Pathophysiology","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Low. Urin. Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"593","article-title":"Immunopathology of interstitial cystitis","volume":"2","author":"Said","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07384.x","article-title":"Increased number of substance P positive nerve fibres in interstitial cystitis","volume":"75","author":"Pang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2042.2000.00197.x","article-title":"Subtypes of bladder mast cells in interstitial cystitis","volume":"7","author":"Yamada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11884-020-00626-9","article-title":"Biomarkers for Bladder Pain Syndrome\/Interstitial Cystitis","volume":"16","author":"Charrua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Bladder Dysfunct. Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.01.034","article-title":"Urinary chemokines as noninvasive predictors of ulcerative interstitial cystitis","volume":"187","author":"Tyagi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.06795.x","article-title":"Differentiation potential of urothelium from patients with benign bladder dysfunction","volume":"99","author":"Southgate","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.05.125","article-title":"Uroplakin III-delta4 messenger RNA as a promising marker to identify nonulcerative interstitial cystitis","volume":"178","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F103","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00202.2014","article-title":"Chronic pelvic allodynia is mediated by CCL2 through mast cells in an experimental autoimmune cystitis model","volume":"308","author":"Bicer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-013-2112-0","article-title":"Local immune response in bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis ESSIC type 3C","volume":"24","author":"Gamper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2006.01373.x","article-title":"Is interstitial cystitis an allergic disorder?: A case of interstitial cystitis treated successfully with anti-IgE","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65005-7","article-title":"A comparison of multiple urine markers for interstitial cystitis","volume":"167","author":"Erickson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-8518-6-6","article-title":"CXCL10 blockade protects mice from cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis","volume":"6","author":"Sakthivel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immune Based Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.04.033","article-title":"Interleukin-6, histamine, and methylhistamine as diagnostic markers for interstitial cystitis","volume":"68","author":"Lamale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.02.058","article-title":"The Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Bladder Pain Syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Offiah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-019-04075-9","article-title":"Biomarkers in the diagnosis and symptom assessment of patients with bladder pain syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)00162-4","article-title":"Preliminary study on urinary cytokine levels in interstitial cystitis: Does intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin treat interstitial cystitis by altering the immune profile in the bladder?","volume":"54","author":"Peters","year":"1999","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80131-5","article-title":"Urine biomarkers in ESSIC type 2 interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome and overactive bladder with developing a novel diagnostic algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.1632712.356","article-title":"Pathomechanism of Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome and Mapping the Heterogeneity of Disease","volume":"20","author":"Jhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01028-7","article-title":"Antiproliferative factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, and epidermal growth factor: Sensitive and specific urine markers for interstitial cystitis","volume":"57","author":"Keay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00498-X","article-title":"Psychosocial vs. \u201cphysical\u201d stress situations in rodents and humans: Role of neurotrophins","volume":"73","author":"Alleva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939409009542","article-title":"Nerve growth factor and autoimmune diseases","volume":"19","author":"Aloe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1159\/000024055","article-title":"Nerve growth factor: An important molecule in allergic inflammation and tissue remodelling","volume":"118","author":"Bonini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)61915-3","article-title":"Elevated tryptase, nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the urine of interstitial cystitis and bladder cancer patients","volume":"161","author":"Okragly","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"4989","article-title":"Increased nerve growth factor in neurogenic overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis patients","volume":"17","author":"Jacobs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.01.069","article-title":"Urinary nerve growth factor levels are increased in patients with bladder outlet obstruction with overactive bladder symptoms and reduced after successful medical treatment","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro0408","article-title":"Mechanisms of Disease: The role of nerve growth factor in the pathophysiology of bladder disorders","volume":"3","author":"Steers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7254","article-title":"Changes in urinary bladder neurotrophic factor mRNA and NGF protein following urinary bladder dysfunction","volume":"161","author":"Vizzard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00070-7","article-title":"Bladder afferent pathway and spinal cord injury: Possible mechanisms inducing hyperreflexia of the urinary bladder","volume":"57","author":"Yoshimura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R534","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00367.2009","article-title":"Overexpression of NGF in mouse urothelium leads to neuronal hyperinnervation, pelvic sensitivity, and changes in urinary bladder function","volume":"298","author":"Schnegelsberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H.T., and Kuo, H.C. (2012). Increased urine and serum nerve growth factor levels in interstitial cystitis suggest chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of disease. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044687"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malykhina, A.P., Lei, Q., Erickson, C.S., Epstein, M.L., Saban, M.R., Davis, C.A., and Saban, R. (2012). VEGF induces sensory and motor peripheral plasticity, alters bladder function, and promotes visceral sensitivity. BMC Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6793-12-15"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13924","article-title":"Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment decreases bladder pain in cyclophosphamide cystitis: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network animal model study","volume":"120","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13832","article-title":"Identification of novel non-invasive biomarkers of urinary chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Findings from the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network","volume":"120","author":"Dagher","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08467.x","article-title":"Increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression in patients with bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis: Its association with pain severity and glomerulations","volume":"104","author":"Kiuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-017-3547-5","article-title":"Comparison of inflammatory urine markers in patients with interstitial cystitis and overactive bladder","volume":"29","author":"Furuta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000135009.55905.cb","article-title":"Possible mechanisms inducing glomerulations in interstitial cystitis: Relationship between endoscopic findings and expression of angiogenic growth factors","volume":"172","author":"Tamaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87040-1","article-title":"Improves symptoms and urinary biomarkers in refractory interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome patients randomized to extracorporeal shock wave therapy versus placebo","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)42981-8","article-title":"Increased mast cells of the bladder in suspected cases of interstitial cystitis: A possible disease marker","volume":"138","author":"Feltis","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1982.tb06976.x","article-title":"Mast cells in interstitial cystitis","volume":"54","author":"Larsen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(87)90281-3","article-title":"Adrenergic innervation of human middle cerebral artery. Ultrastructural observations","volume":"27","author":"Cuevas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1983.tb03356.x","article-title":"Histamine content and mast cell count of detrusor muscle in patients with interstitial cystitis and other types of chronic cystitis","volume":"55","author":"Kastrup","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"411","article-title":"Proliferation and transepithelial migration of mucosal mast cells in interstitial cystitis","volume":"58","author":"Aldenborg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S1879-5226(10)60028-0","article-title":"Urine and Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels as Potential Biomarkers of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Chuang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06200.x","article-title":"Characterization of the purinergic receptor subtype on guinea-pig suburothelial myofibroblasts","volume":"97","author":"Sui","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65726-6","article-title":"Augmented stretch activated adenosine triphosphate release from bladder uroepithelial cells in patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"166","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F423","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00056.2003","article-title":"Feline interstitial cystitis results in mechanical hypersensitivity and altered ATP release from bladder urothelium","volume":"285","author":"Birder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.04.021","article-title":"Enhanced ATP release from rat bladder urothelium during chronic bladder inflammation: Effect of botulinum toxin A","volume":"47","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.169342","article-title":"Excitatory cholinergic and purinergic signaling in bladder are equally susceptible to botulinum neurotoxin a consistent with co-release of transmitters from efferent fibers","volume":"334","author":"Lawrence","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Exp."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C27","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00552.2004","article-title":"Augmented extracellular ATP signaling in bladder urothelial cells from patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"290","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37836","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M604581200","article-title":"CKAP4\/p63 is a receptor for the frizzled-8 protein-related antiproliferative factor from interstitial cystitis patients","volume":"281","author":"Conrads","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11803","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404509101","article-title":"An antiproliferative factor from interstitial cystitis patients is a frizzled 8 protein-related sialoglycopeptide","volume":"101","author":"Keay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01127-X","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of antiproliferative factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, and epidermal growth factor as urine markers for interstitial cystitis","volume":"57","author":"Keay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.06.058","article-title":"p53 mediates interstitial cystitis antiproliferative factor (APF)-induced growth inhibition of human urothelial cells","volume":"581","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0285.2011.01108.x","article-title":"Normalization of proliferation and tight junction formation in bladder epithelial cells from patients with interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome by d-proline and d-pipecolic acid derivatives of antiproliferative factor","volume":"77","author":"Keay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F816","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90733.2008","article-title":"Interleukin-8 is essential for normal urothelial cell survival","volume":"297","author":"Liebert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6277","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17066277","article-title":"Scutellaria baicalensis alleviates cantharidin-induced rat hemorrhagic cystitis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression","volume":"17","author":"Huan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00992-4","article-title":"Nerve growth factor and prostaglandins in the urine of female patients with overactive bladder","volume":"175","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982125","article-title":"Analyzing the roles of mast cells and basophils in host defense and other biological responses","volume":"75","author":"Galli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"737","article-title":"Intravesical capsaicin for the treatment of interstitial cystitis: A pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Fagerli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68800-3","article-title":"The urinary glycoprotein GP51 as a clinical marker for interstitial cystitis","volume":"161","author":"Byrne","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2011.09.049","article-title":"Increased cell apoptosis of urothelium mediated by inflammation in interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Shie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00167-9","article-title":"Interleukin-4 and 13 induce the expression and release of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin-6 and stem cell factor from human detrusor smooth muscle cells: Synergy with interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"175","author":"Bouchelouche","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65931-9","article-title":"Histological and neurotrophic changes triggered by varying models of bladder inflammation","volume":"166","author":"Dupont","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1757-5672.2010.00065.x","article-title":"Urinary Nerve Growth Factor Levels in Urinary Tract Diseases With or Without Frequency Urgency Symptoms","volume":"2","author":"Kuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Low. Urin. Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C.O., Li, Z.L., and Kong, C.Z. (2005). APF, HB-EGF, and EGF biomarkers in patients with ulcerative vs. non-ulcerative interstitial cystitis. BMC Urol., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-5-7"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000118938.09119.a5","article-title":"Abnormal expression of molecular markers for bladder impermeability and differentiation in the urothelium of patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"171","author":"Slobodov","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.03.083","article-title":"Bladder defense molecules, urothelial differentiation, urinary biomarkers, and interstitial cystitis","volume":"69","author":"Hurst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)39897-X","article-title":"Bladder surface glycosaminoglycans: An epithelial permeability barrier","volume":"143","author":"Parsons","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000342200","article-title":"Hyaluronan, a ready choice to fuel regeneration: A mini-review","volume":"59","author":"Reitinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.1999.00079.x","article-title":"Functions of hyaluronan in wound repair","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1054\/tice.2001.0180","article-title":"Hyaluronan affects protein and collagen synthesis by in vitro human skin fibroblasts","volume":"33","author":"Croce","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12214","article-title":"Advances in intravesical therapy for bladder pain syndrome (BPS)\/interstitial cystitis (IC)","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Low. Urin. Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.10.022","article-title":"Do cystometric findings predict the results of intravesical hyaluronic acid in women with interstitial cystitis?","volume":"47","author":"Daha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-007-0515-5","article-title":"Hyaluronan treatment of interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Riedl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J. Pelvic Floor Dysfunct."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1294-y","article-title":"Long-term results of intravesical hyaluronan therapy in bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis","volume":"22","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12507","article-title":"Changes in sexual function of women with refractory interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome after intravesical therapy with a hyaluronic acid solution","volume":"11","author":"Hung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65933-0","article-title":"Intravesical hyaluronic acid in the treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis","volume":"156","author":"Morales","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000283012","article-title":"Results of treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis with intravesical hyaluronic acid","volume":"59","author":"Porru","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/00365590410015876-1","article-title":"Treatment of interstitial cystitis with Cystistat: A hyaluronic acid product","volume":"39","author":"Kallestrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.03135.x","article-title":"Intravesical hyaluronic acid for interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome: A comparative randomized assessment of different regimens","volume":"20","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2017.58.5.353","article-title":"Evaluation of the incidence and risk factors associated with persistent frequency in interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome and the efficacy of antimuscarinic treatment","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y.H., Liu, H.T., and Kuo, H.C. (2014). Decrease of urinary nerve growth factor but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome treated with hyaluronic acid. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091609"},{"key":"ref_197","first-page":"270","article-title":"Assessment of long-term intravesical hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate and combination therapy for patients with bladder pain syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Ozkidik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12113","article-title":"Repeated intravesical onabotulinumtoxinA injections are effective in treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Kuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.J., Yu, W.R., Ong, H.L., and Kuo, H.C. (2019). Predictive Factors for a Satisfactory Treatment Outcome with Intravesical Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110676"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.01.036","article-title":"Botulinum-A toxin for treatment of overactive bladder without detrusor overactivity: Urodynamic outcome and patient satisfaction","volume":"66","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.12.007","article-title":"Urodynamic evidence of effectiveness of botulinum A toxin injection in treatment of detrusor overactivity refractory to anticholinergic agents","volume":"63","author":"Kuo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000169481.42259.54","article-title":"Decreased sensory receptors P2X3 and TRPV1 in suburothelial nerve fibers following intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin for human detrusor overactivity","volume":"174","author":"Apostolidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08495.x","article-title":"Comparison of intravesical botulinum toxin type A injections plus hydrodistention with hydrodistention alone for the treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Kuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.09.027","article-title":"Persistent therapeutic effect of repeated injections of onabotulinum toxin a in refractory bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis","volume":"189","author":"Pinto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.04.038","article-title":"Intravesical botulinum toxin A injections plus hydrodistension can reduce nerve growth factor production and control bladder pain in interstitial cystitis","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2018.05.004","article-title":"Management of Idiopathic Overactive Bladder Syndrome: What Is the Optimal Strategy After Failure of Conservative Treatment?","volume":"4","author":"Marcelissen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12017","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A reduces hyperalgesia and TRPV1 expression in rats with neuropathic pain","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3079-4","article-title":"Intravesical treatment for interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome: A network meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.06.073","article-title":"Botulinum toxin a has antinociceptive effects in treating interstitial cystitis","volume":"64","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7062232","article-title":"Novel Treatment of Chronic Bladder Pain Syndrome and Other Pelvic Pain Disorders by OnabotulinumtoxinA Injection","volume":"7","author":"Jhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1159\/000087173","article-title":"Preliminary results of suburothelial injection of botulinum a toxin in the treatment of chronic interstitial cystitis","volume":"75","author":"Kuo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_212","first-page":"259","article-title":"Study of vascular injuries using endothelial denudation model and the therapeutic application of shock wave: A review","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1159\/000262331","article-title":"Shock wave therapy effectively attenuates inflammation in rat carotid artery following endothelial denudation by balloon catheter","volume":"115","author":"Shao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23141","article-title":"Effects of low energy shock wave therapy on inflammatory moleculars, bladder pain, and bladder function in a rat cystitis model","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"631","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave therapy ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced rat acute interstitial cystitis though inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress-in vitro and in vivo experiment studies","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24382","article-title":"Pain reduction realized with extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of symptoms associated with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome-A prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"39","author":"Chuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30263","article-title":"Effect of local administration of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on peripheral nerve regeneration: An experimental study in the rabbit model","volume":"38","author":"Ikumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.22563","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in Burn Scar Areas Alleviates Neuropathic Scar Pain","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70134-5","article-title":"The role of the immune system in the generation of neuropathic pain","volume":"11","author":"Calvo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"609","article-title":"The Therapeutic Effect of Intravesical Instillation of Platelet Rich Plasma on Recurrent Bacterial Cystitis in Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"16","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urol. J."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72292-0","article-title":"Repeated intravesical injections of platelet-rich plasma improve symptoms and alter urinary functional proteins in patients with refractory interstitial cystitis","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.1632548.274","article-title":"The Early Histological Effects of Intravesical Instillation of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Cystitis Models","volume":"20","author":"Donmez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2040104.052","article-title":"New Frontiers or the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome\u2014Focused on Stem Cells, Platelet-Rich Plasma, and Low-Energy Shock Wave","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"O42","article-title":"Repeated intravesical injections of platelet-rich plasma are effective in the treatment of interstitial cystitis: A case control pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Jhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Low. Urin. Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23898","article-title":"Intravesical injections of platelet-rich plasma is effective and safe in treatment of interstitial cystitis refractory to conventional treatment-A prospective clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Jhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12833","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A injection for refractory interstitial cystitis: A randomized comparative study and predictors of treatment response","volume":"22","author":"Akiyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E610","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.2036","article-title":"Clinical comparision of intravesical hyaluronic acid and hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulphate therapy for patients with bladder pain syndrome\/interstitital cystitis","volume":"8","author":"Gulpinar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. Urol. Assoc. J."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/1\/75\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:55:34Z","timestamp":1760169334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/1\/75"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"references-count":227,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12010075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12010075","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]}}}