{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:04:53Z","timestamp":1788228293385,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis is an infectious illness which leads to the inflammation of protective tissues around the teeth and the continuous loss of alveolar bone and conjunctive tissue. Biomarker analysis in serum and saliva helps in the evaluation of disease progression and activity. It is also established that every inflammatory change along with resultant damage of tissues ends up in altered pH values in the fluids and tissues. Aim: To correlate the connection of pH levels in both blood as well as saliva in healthy, periodontitis, and gingivitis patients. Materials and Methods: The current research involved 145 subjects amidst the age of 20 and 55 years. The subjects were split into three different groups: healthy (Group A), gingivitis (Group B), and finally chronic periodontitis (Group C). The recording of clinical parameters was done by gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and plaque index (PI). pH of saliva and blood was analyzed with the help of digital single electrode pH meter. Subjects have gone through scaling and root planning (SRP) coupled with the instructions of oral hygiene. They were recalled post 4 weeks, and saliva and blood samples were gathered for analyzing pH. Results: Clinical parameters GI and PI were statistically important in both group C as well as group B post SRP. A crucial change has been observed in attachment levels (AL) and PD in the case of periodontitis group post SRP. The difference in the salivary pH values were significant between group B vs. C and A vs. C before the treatment because the values for group C were acidic, whereas in groups B and A the pH was alkaline. After the treatment, the values were still significant because the pH has become more alkaline compared to preoperative value in both group B and C. Saliva\u2019s pH levels have demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in group C post SRP. Conclusion: Salivary pH levels and blood evidently became alkaline in the group C patients post SRP and there is a positive correlation between them and the clinical parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T22:51:50Z","timestamp":1641250310000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Correlation of Blood and Salivary pH Levels in Healthy, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis Patients before and after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Koppolu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunkara","family":"Sirisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clove Dental Hospital, Hyderabad 500033, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1649-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumya","family":"Penala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Mahaveer Institute of Medical Sciences, Vikarabad 501101, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pathakota Krishnajaneya","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad 501101, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9283-5210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalal H.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghadah Salim","family":"Abusalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amara Swapna","family":"Lingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areej H.","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontics Division, Preventive Dentistry Department, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 13244, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0228-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Barakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Restorative and Prosthetic Department, College of Dentistry, Dar Al-Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"AlMokhatieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservative Dental Department, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.10.016","article-title":"Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase levels in saliva and serum of patients with healthy periodontium, gingivitis, and periodontitis before and after scaling with root planing: A clinico-biochemical study","volume":"28","author":"Koppolu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.118316","article-title":"Association of salivary calcium, phosphate, pH and flow rate on oral health: A study on 90 subjects","volume":"17","author":"Fiyaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374940080022001","article-title":"Microbial Ecology of Dental Plaque and its Significance in Health and Disease","volume":"8","author":"Marsh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: Dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1985.56.1.25","article-title":"Periodontal Diagnosis: Current Status and Future Needs","volume":"56","author":"Polson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1990.tb00809.x","article-title":"The diagnostic uses of saliva","volume":"19","author":"Mandel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1999.70.10.1240","article-title":"The Effect of Smoking and Periodontal Treatment on Salivary Composition in Patients with Established Periodontitis","volume":"70","author":"Zuabi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Clark, J.W. (1987). The bacterial etiology of periodontal disease: The specific plaque hypothesis. Clinical Dentistry, Harper and Row."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1991.tb00064.x","article-title":"The microflora of periodontal sites showing active destructive progression","volume":"18","author":"Moore","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690060801","article-title":"Effect of pH on the Growth and Proteolytic Activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius","volume":"69","author":"Takahashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1997.tb00733.x","article-title":"Acid tolerance and acid-neutralizing activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum","volume":"12","author":"Takahashl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2005.06.071","article-title":"Microbial ecosystem in the oral cavity: Metabolic diversity in an ecological niche and its relationship with oral diseases","volume":"1284","author":"Takahashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Congr. Ser."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.118317","article-title":"Salivary pH: A diagnostic biomarker","volume":"17","author":"Baliga","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"ZC12","article-title":"Correlation of Salivary pH, Incidence of Dental Caries and Periodontal Status in Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"10","author":"Seethalakshmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1697","article-title":"The contribution of salivary pH in periodontal health assessment","volume":"67","author":"Cormos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"58","article-title":"Estimation and comparison of salivary calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase and pH levels in periodontal health and disease: A cross-sectional biochemical study","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagnostic Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.169846","article-title":"Assessment of salivary calcium, phosphate, magnesium, pH, and flow rate in healthy subjects, periodontitis, and dental caries","volume":"6","author":"Zareena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"19","article-title":"pH en saliva total en pacientes con enfermedad periodontal del Servicio de Periodoncia de la Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda de la UNMSM","volume":"11","author":"Bravo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Odontol. Sanmarquina"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"277","article-title":"Salivary pH as an improvement parameter in patients with periodontitis: A pilot study","volume":"e85","author":"Orozco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ciencia Innovaci\u00f3n Salud"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/dmr.dmr_20_19","article-title":"Changes in salivary flow rate, pH, and viscosity among working men and women","volume":"7","author":"Govindaraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e931362","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.931362","article-title":"Salivary pH and flow rate in patients with periodontal disease and associated cardiovascular disease","volume":"27","author":"Lazureanu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12353","article-title":"Implant Prosthetic Rehabilitation in Controlled HIV-Positive Patients: A Prospective Longitudinal Study with 1-Year Follow-Up","volume":"18","author":"Gherlone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"501","article-title":"The \u2019All-on-four\u2019 protocol in HIV-positive patients: A prospective, longitudinal 7-year clinical study","volume":"12","author":"Romanos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Implantol"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.090666","article-title":"Immediate Loading of Dental Implants Placed in Periodontally Infected and Non-Infected Sites: A 4-Year Follow-Up Clinical Study","volume":"81","author":"Crespi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12799","article-title":"Implant survival rate in calvarial bone grafts: A retrospective clinical study with 10 year follow-up","volume":"21","author":"Vinci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"49","article-title":"Evaluation of resistance against bacterial microleakage of a new conical implant-abutment connection versus conventional connections: An in vitro study","volume":"39","author":"Gherlone","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12300","article-title":"The association between three attitude-related indexes of oral hygiene and secondary implant failures: A retrospective longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"Tecco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/1\/97\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:36:00Z","timestamp":1760362560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/1\/97"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12010097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12010097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]}}}