{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1790739477977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008783","name":"National Research Council of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCL-20-16-KBSI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCL-20-16-KBSI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008783","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1I1A2048890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1I1A2048890"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1C1C1011408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1C1C1011408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002519","name":"Korea University of Technology and Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["the new professor research program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the new professor research program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002519","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), is characterized by a broad spectrum of symptoms that are associated with its progression. Several studies have attempted to classify PD according to its clinical manifestations and establish objective biomarkers for early diagnosis and for predicting the prognosis of the disease. Recent comprehensive research on the classification of PD using clinical phenotypes has included factors such as dominance, severity, and prognosis of motor and non-motor symptoms and biomarkers. Additionally, neuroimaging studies have attempted to reveal the pathological substrate for motor symptoms. Genetic and transcriptomic studies have contributed to our understanding of the underlying molecular pathogenic mechanisms and provided a basis for classifying PD. Moreover, an understanding of the heterogeneity of clinical manifestations in PD is required for a personalized medicine approach. Herein, we discuss the possible subtypes of PD based on clinical features, neuroimaging, and biomarkers for developing personalized medicine for PD. In addition, we conduct a preliminary clustering using gait features for subtyping PD. We believe that subtyping may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T20:42:16Z","timestamp":1641415336000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Parkinson\u2019s Disease Subtyping Using Clinical Features and Biomarkers: Literature Review and Preliminary Study of Subtype Clustering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1109-6787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Technology Research Center, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Min","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Seok","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7349-4596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ojin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Resource Center (BRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si 56212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horyong","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon 35235, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1784-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Kyoung","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Young","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education (KOREATECH), Cheonan 31253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8242-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hee","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","article-title":"Parkinson Disease","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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