{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:51:40Z","timestamp":1792741900322,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Osteomyelitis caused by Aspergillus spp. is a severe, but rare, clinical entity. However, clear guidelines regarding the most effective medical management have not yet been established. The present study is a literature review of all such cases, in an effort to elucidate epidemiology, as well as the therapeutic management and the infection\u2019s outcome. Methods: A thorough review of all reports of osteomyelitis of the appendicular and the axial skeleton, without the skull and the spine, caused by Aspergillus spp. was undertaken. Data about demographics, imaging techniques facilitating diagnosis, causative Aspergillus, method of mold isolation, antifungal treatment (AFT), surgical treatment, as well as the infection\u2019s outcome were recorded and evaluated. Results: A total of 63 cases of osseous infection due to Aspergillus spp. were identified. The studied population\u2019s mean age was 37.9 years. The most commonly affected site was the rib cage (36.8%). Most hosts suffered immunosuppressive conditions (76.2%). Regarding imaging methods indicating diagnosis, computer tomography (CT) was performed in most cases (42.9%), followed by plain X-ray (41.3%) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (34.9%). The most frequent isolated mold was Aspergillus fumigatus (49.2%). Cultures and\/or histopathology were used for definite diagnosis in all cases, while galactomannan antigen test was additionally used in seven cases (11.1%), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in four cases (6.3%), and beta-d-glucan testing in three cases (4.8%). Regarding AFT, the preferred antifungal was voriconazole (61.9%). Most patients underwent surgical debridement (63.5%). The outcome was successful in 77.5%. Discussion: Osteomyelitis due to Aspergillus spp. represents a severe infection. The available data suggest that prolonged AFT in combination with surgical debridement is the preferred management of this infection, while identification of the responsible mold is of paramount importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T12:34:04Z","timestamp":1642163644000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Osseous Infections Caused by Aspergillus Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Koutserimpas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, \u201c251\u201d Hellenic Air Force General Hospital of Athens, 11525 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifigeneia","family":"Chamakioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, \u201c251\u201d Hellenic Air Force General Hospital of Athens, 11525 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Raptis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, \u201c251\u201d Hellenic Air Force General Hospital of Athens, 11525 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0185-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Alpantaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, \u201cVenizeleion\u201d General Hospital of Heraklion, 17121 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4766-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Vrioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Samonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0343","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.CC.19.00343","article-title":"Aspergillus Osteomyelitis of the Scapula: A Case Report","volume":"10","author":"Pelet","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBJS Case Connect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koutserimpas, C., Chamakioti, I., Naoum, S., Raptis, K., Alpantaki, K., Kofteridis, D.P., and Samonis, G. 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