{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T02:59:43Z","timestamp":1787972383543,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Umbilical cord abnormalities are not rare, and are often associated with structural or chromosomal abnormalities, fetal intrauterine growth restriction, and poor pregnancy outcomes; the latter can be a result of prematurity, placentation deficiency or, implicitly, an increased index of cesarean delivery due to the presence of fetal distress, higher admission to neonatal intensive care, and increased prenatal mortality rates. Even if the incidence of velamentous insertion, vasa praevia and umbilical knots is low, these pathologies increase the fetal morbidity and mortality prenatally and intrapartum. There is a vast heterogeneity among societies\u2019 guidelines regarding the umbilical cord examination. We consider the mandatory introduction of placental cord insertion examination in the first and second trimester to practice guidelines for fetal ultrasound scans. Moreover, during the mid-trimester scan, we recommend a transvaginal ultrasound and color Doppler assessment of the internal cervical os for low-lying placentas, marginal or velamentous cord insertion, and the evaluation of umbilical cord entanglement between the insertion sites whenever it is incidentally found. Based on the pathological description and the neonatal outcome reported for each entity, we conclude our descriptive review by establishing a new, clinically relevant classification of these umbilical cord anomalies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T08:20:57Z","timestamp":1642580457000},"page":"236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Clinically Relevant Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnosis of Umbilical Cord Pathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6381-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana Elena","family":"Boh\u00eel\u021bea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatology, Filantropia Hospital, 11\u201313 Ion Mihalache Blv., Sector 1, 011171 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5969-9205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad","family":"Dima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatology, Filantropia Hospital, 11\u201313 Ion Mihalache Blv., Sector 1, 011171 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioni\u021b\u0103","family":"Ducu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Emergency Hospital, 169 Splaiul Independentei Bld., Sector 5, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Iordache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optospintronics Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Optoelectronics-INOE 2000, 409 Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8957-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Margareta","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatology, Filantropia Hospital, 11\u201313 Ion Mihalache Blv., Sector 1, 011171 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavian","family":"Munteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina","family":"Grigoriu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Emergency Hospital, 169 Splaiul Independentei Bld., Sector 5, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Vedu\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatology, Filantropia Hospital, 11\u201313 Ion Mihalache Blv., Sector 1, 011171 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrie","family":"Pelinescu-Onciul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9512-2673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu","family":"Vl\u0103d\u0103reanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 37 Dionisie Lupu, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000102706.84063.C7","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes associated with a short umbilical cord","volume":"103","author":"Krakowiak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. 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