{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:08:58Z","timestamp":1791648538563,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder in older adults, and it is very important to manage chronic constipation. However, evaluating these subjective symptoms is extremely difficult in cases where patients are unable to express their symptoms because of a cognitive or physical impairment. Hence, it is necessary to observe the patient\u2019s colonic faecal retention using objective methods. Ultrasonography observation for colonic faecal retention is useful for diagnosing constipation and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment. Since there was no standard protocol for interpreting rectal ultrasonography findings, we developed an observation protocol through an expert consensus. We convened a group of experts in the diagnosis and evaluation of chronic constipation and ultrasonography to discuss and review the current literature on this matter. Together, they composed a succinct, evidence-based observation protocol for rectal faecal retention using ultrasonography. We created an observation protocol to enhance the quality and accuracy of diagnosis of chronic constipation, especially rectal constipation. This consensus statement is intended to serve as a guide for physicians, laboratory technicians and nurses who do not specialise in ultrasound or the diagnosis of chronic constipation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:38:58Z","timestamp":1643143138000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Expert Consensus Document: Diagnosis for Chronic Constipation with Faecal Retention in the Rectum Using Ultrasonography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0246-395X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaru","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, 1-1 Gakuendai, Kahoku 929-1210, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Gerontological Nursing\/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Misawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momoko","family":"Tsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Hakodate National Hospital, 18-16 Kawahara-cho, Hakodate 041-8512, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Manabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy and Ultrasonography, Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaomi","family":"Kessoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0170-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nao","family":"Tamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Nursing Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"},{"name":"Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuo","family":"Kawamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ultrasound and Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Sugama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Implementation Nursing Science Initiative, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, College of Nursing and Nutrition, Shukutoku University, 673 Nitona-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba City 260-8703, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mototsugu","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Hakodate National Hospital, 18-16 Kawahara-cho, Hakodate 041-8512, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Haruma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy and Ultrasonography, Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Sanada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontological Nursing\/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"},{"name":"Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6263-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.028","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation","volume":"144","author":"Bharucha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2009.06.001","article-title":"Chronic constipation in the 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