{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:40Z","timestamp":1787027920277,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the general population is difficult due to unknown clinical characteristics. This study was conducted to clarify the factors associated with early stage PDAC. Well-known symptoms and factors associated with PDAC were classified into clinical indicators, risk factors, and imaging findings concomitant with early stage PDAC. To analyze these factors for the detection of patients with early stage PDAC compared to patients without PDAC, we constructed new diagnostic strategies. The factors of 35 patients with early stage PDAC (stage 0 and IA) and 801 patients without PDAC were compared retrospectively. Clinical indicators; presence and number of indicators, elevated pancreatic enzyme level, tumor biomarker level, acute pancreatitis history, risk factors; familial pancreatic cancer, diabetes mellitus, smoking history, imaging findings; presence and number of findings, and main pancreatic duct dilation were significant factors for early stage PDAC detection. A new screening strategy to select patients who should be examined by imaging modalities from evaluating clinical indicators and risk factors and approaching a definitive diagnosis by evaluating imaging findings had a relatively high sensitivity, specificity, and areas under the curve of 80.0%, 80.8%, and 0.80, respectively. Diagnosis based on the new category and strategy may be reasonable for early stage PDAC detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T22:16:18Z","timestamp":1643753778000},"page":"377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Diagnostic Strategy of Early Stage Pancreatic Cancer via Clinical Predictor Assessment: Clinical Indicators, Risk Factors and Imaging Findings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4961-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryota","family":"Sagami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Oita San-ai Medical Center, 1213 Oaza Ichi, Oita 870-1151, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Oita San-ai Medical Center, 1213 Oaza Ichi, Oita 870-1151, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3148-8884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Mizukami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamacho, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuteru","family":"Motomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Oita Red Cross Hospital, 3-2-37 Chiyo-Machi, Oita 870-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhisa","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamacho, Yufu 879-5593, 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Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8243-8193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamacho, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4480-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Amano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endoscopy, Urawa Kyosai Hospital, 3-15-31 Harayama, Saitama 336-0931, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2668-5039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazunari","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamacho, Yufu 879-5593, 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