{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T12:58:50Z","timestamp":1792241930853,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Cobb angle measurement of the scoliotic spine is prone to inter- and intra-observer variations in the clinical setting. This paper proposes a deep learning architecture for detecting spine vertebrae from X-ray images to evaluate the Cobb angle automatically. The public AASCE MICCAI 2019 anterior-posterior X-ray image dataset and local images were used to train and test the proposed convolutional neural network architecture. Sixty-eight landmark features of the spine were detected from the input image to obtain seventeen vertebrae on the spine. The vertebrae locations obtained were processed to automatically measure the Cobb angle. The proposed method can measure the Cobb angle with accuracies up to 93.6% and has excellent reliability compared to clinicians\u2019 measurement (intraclass correlation coefficient &gt; 0.95). The proposed deep learning architecture may be used as a tool to augment Cobb angle measurement in X-ray images of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in a real-world clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T11:35:17Z","timestamp":1643974517000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Automated Cobb Angle Measurement for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Using Convolutional Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9784-4204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wahyu","family":"Caesarendra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6902-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wahyu","family":"Rahmaniar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brunei Neuroscience, Stroke and Rehabilitation Centre, Pantai Jerudong Specialist Centre, Jerudong BG3122, Brunei"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ady","family":"Thien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brunei Neuroscience, Stroke and Rehabilitation Centre, Pantai Jerudong Specialist Centre, Jerudong BG3122, Brunei"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0457-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"Konieczny","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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