{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:33:23Z","timestamp":1782603203263,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Lanthanum carbonate is a phosphate binder used in advanced kidney disease. Its radiopaque appearance has been described in many case studies and case series. Misinterpretation of this phenomenon leads to unnecessary diagnostic tests and procedures. The objectives of this study were to summarize the literature on lanthanum carbonate opacities and present a visual overview. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science. We included all types of studies, including case reports\/studies, describing radiological findings of lanthanum carbonate opacities in patients with chronic kidney disease. No filter for time was set. Results: A total of 36 articles were eligible for data extraction, and 33 articles were included in the narrative synthesis. Lanthanum carbonate opacities were most commonly reported in the intestines (26 studies, 73%), stomach (8 studies, 21%), and the aerodigestive tract (2 studies, 6%). The opacities in the intestine were most frequently described as multiple, scattered radiopaque densities, compared with the aerodigestive tract, where the opacities were described as a single, round foreign body. Suspicion of contrast medium or foreign bodies was the most common differential diagnosis. LC opacities in patients with CKD are commonly misinterpreted as foreign bodies or suspect contrast media. Conclusions: CKD patients treated with LC may have opacities throughout the digestive tract that can vary in appearance. Stopping LC treatment or changing to an alternative phosphate binder prior to planned image studies can avoid diagnostic confusion. If this is not an option, knowledge of the presentation of LC opacities is important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T21:08:43Z","timestamp":1644786523000},"page":"464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Lanthanum Carbonate Opacities\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Kampmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Regional Health Research (IRS), University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina Pirschel","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa Branch, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1908-6428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders Nikolai","family":"\u00d8rsted Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Regional Health Research (IRS), University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas Hjelm","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Regional Health Research (IRS), University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9531176","article-title":"Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: A national study","volume":"31","author":"Block","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. 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