{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:57:01Z","timestamp":1760151421201,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults and usually has a very poor prognosis. Histologically, UMs have been classified in epithelioid cell type, spindle cell type, and mixed cell type. Balloon cells are large pale cells that contain small, hyperchromatic, central nuclei with vesiculated, clear, and lipid-rich cytoplasm. A balloon cell morphology is infrequently observed in naevi and even less frequently in malignant melanomas of the skin, conjunctiva, ciliary body and choroid. In this regard, UMs that exhibit balloon cell features are generally those previously treated with proton beam irradiation and then enucleated, rather than those that directly underwent primary surgery. To the best of our knowledge, very few cases of primary UM showing extensive balloon cell morphology have been reported in scientific literature to date. We herein present an unusual case of primary UM with diffuse balloon cell changes in a 69-year-old woman.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:35:50Z","timestamp":1646598950000},"page":"642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Case of Non-Irradiated Balloon Cell Melanoma of the Choroid: Expanding the Morphological Spectrum of Primary Uveal Melanomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8783-3838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Failla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cG.F. Ingrassia\u201d, Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8591-8010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Caltabiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cG.F. Ingrassia\u201d, Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7725-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1368-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Reibaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic Section, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresio","family":"Avitabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0575-1156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana","family":"Piombino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5395-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Colarossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9988-2362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Colarossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8012-5134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Tirr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5943-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Vigneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0918-0103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro Valerio","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology I Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University Hospital Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2576-6523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Broggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cG.F. Ingrassia\u201d, Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2012.01.002","article-title":"Uveal melanoma","volume":"38","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Kooij, M.K., Speetjens, F.M., van der Burg, S.H., and Kapiteijn, E. (2019). Uveal Versus Cutaneous Melanoma; Same Origin, Very Distinct Tumor Types. 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