{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T15:38:04Z","timestamp":1766504284627,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZPITALE-JEDNOIMIENNE\/18\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZPITALE-JEDNOIMIENNE\/18\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coagulopathies are one of the obstetric complications affecting the period of pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium. One of the more severe and complex disorders of the haemostatic system is the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC), in which generalised activation of the coagulation system and activation of inflammatory cells occurs. DIC syndrome was observed in patients whose pregnancy was complicated by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Both the course of these cases and literature review indicate that particular notice should be paid to laboratory parameters of the coagulation system, closely monitoring the well-being of the foetus and, in the situation of acute DIC development, it is advised to deliver a baby and initiate intensive therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T12:35:37Z","timestamp":1646742937000},"page":"655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["COVID-19 Infection Complicated by Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation during Pregnancy\u2014Two Cases Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Skalska-\u015awistek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 23 Kopernika Str., 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Huras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 23 Kopernika Str., 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6466-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej Piotr","family":"Jaworowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 23 Kopernika Str., 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"\u015awistek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Hospital in Krakow, 2 Jakubowskiego Str., 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7822-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Ko\u0142ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 23 Kopernika Str., 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy","volume":"19","author":"Lester","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2004.08.004","article-title":"Haemostatic changes in pregnancy","volume":"114","author":"Brenner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-38897","article-title":"Hemostasis during normal pregnancy and puerperium","volume":"29","author":"Hellgren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16037","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.37","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"2","author":"Gando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Costello, R.A., and Nehring, S.M. (2022). Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5471","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"251","author":"Bourgonje","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17273","article-title":"Irish COVID-19 vasculopathy study (ICVS) Investigators. von willebrand factor propeptide in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence of acute and sustained endothelial cell activation","volume":"192","author":"Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15191","article-title":"The ADAMTS13-von Willebrand factor axis in COVID-19 patients","volume":"19","author":"Mancini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037","article-title":"The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"76","author":"Verdecchia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stark, K., and Massberg, S. (Nat. Rev. Cardiol., 2021). Interplay between inflammation and thrombosis in cardiovascular pathology, Nat. Rev. Cardiol., in press.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00552-1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e438","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30145-9","article-title":"Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Levi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/FM9.0000000000000071","article-title":"Human coronavirus infections and pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matern. Fetal Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100761","article-title":"Coagulation and anticoagulation in COVID-19","volume":"47","author":"Hadid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000258281.22296.de","article-title":"Imitators of severe preeclampsia","volume":"109","author":"Sibai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"59","article-title":"COVID-19 a zaburzenia hemostazy","volume":"7\u20138","author":"Windyga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Prakt."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erez, O., Novack, L., Beer-Weisel, R., Dukler, D., Press, F., Zlotnik, A., Than, N.G., Tomer, A., and Mazor, M. (2014). DIC score in pregnant women\u2014A population based modification of the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis score. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093240"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Servante, J., Swallow, G., Thornton, J.G., Myers, B., Munireddy, S., Malinowski, A.K., Othman, M., Li, W., O\u2019Donoghue, K., and Walker, K.F. (2021). Haemostatic and thrombo-embolic complications in pregnant women with COVID-19: A systematic review and critical analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03568-0"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2013.1466","article-title":"Low-dose heparin as treatment for early disseminated intravascular coagulation during sepsis: A prospective clinical study","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22096","article-title":"Prevention of thrombosis in pregnant women with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection: Clinical management algorithm","volume":"56","author":"Oros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15462","article-title":"Physician experiences in management of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy in pregnancy: Communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on women\u2019s health issues in thrombosis and haemostasis","volume":"19","author":"Jevtic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13970","article-title":"The influence of thyroid function on the coagulation system and its clinical consequences","volume":"16","author":"Elbers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13101","article-title":"The Use of Tranexamic Acid to Prevent Postpartum Hemorrhage","volume":"65","author":"Mielke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12546","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12546","article-title":"Tranexamic acid evidence and controversies: An illustrated review","volume":"5","author":"Relke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"9642438","article-title":"To Clot or Not: HELLP Syndrome and Disseminated intravascular coagulation in an eclamptic patient with intrauterine fetal demise","volume":"2020","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100468","article-title":"Placental histopathology after SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Khalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.01.049","article-title":"COVID-19 as an independent risk factor for subclinical placental dysfunction","volume":"259","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Januszewski, M., Ziuzia-Januszewska, L., Jakimiuk, A.A., Wierzba, W., Gluszko, A., Zytynska-Daniluk, J., and Jakimiuk, A.J. (2021). Is the Course of COVID-19 different during pregnancy? A retrospective comparative study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212011"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17579","article-title":"The clinical course of COVID-19 in pregnant versus non-pregnant women requiring hospitalisation: Results from the multicentre UK CA-COVID-19 study","volume":"195","author":"Nicolson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e231","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e231","article-title":"Long Way to the Recovery: COVID-19 Will Not Disappear","volume":"36","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/3\/655\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:33:44Z","timestamp":1760135624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/3\/655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12030655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12030655","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]}}}