{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:01:00Z","timestamp":1790416860926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have widened the therapeutic scenario of different solid tumors over the last ten years. Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs), such as diarrhea and colitis, occur in up to 50% of patients treated with ICIs. Materials and methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis in patients with solid tumors treated with ICIs in a 6-year period, from 2015 to 2021, developing GI AEs, for which an endoscopic analysis was performed, with available histological specimens or surgery. Results: Twenty-one patients developed GI AEs under ICIs. The median time from the start of ICIs to the onset of GI AEs was 5 months. Diarrhea was the most frequent symptom (57.2%), upper GI symptoms presented in four patients (19%), while three patients (14.3%) had no symptoms and were diagnosed occasionally. Two patients underwent surgical resection for acute abdomen. Histological findings observed in endoscopic sampling were eosinophilic-pattern gastro-enterocolitis, apoptotic damage, IBD-like features, and ischemic-like changes. Histological damage was also documented in patients with unremarkable endoscopy. Conclusions: Under ICI therapy, GI toxicity is an expected event. Since GIAEs can mimic a broad range of primary GI diseases, a multidisciplinary approach is advocated with upper and lower GI mucosal sampling to remodel therapy and avoid complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T12:58:36Z","timestamp":1647003516000},"page":"685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clinic, Endoscopic and Histological Features in Patients Treated with ICI Developing GI Toxicity: Some News and Reappraisal from a Mono-Institutional Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0591-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Parente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5423-3158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigida Anna","family":"Maiorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Ciardiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Oncology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6992-5875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Cocomazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Carparelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4792-3545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ingravallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0325-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Cazzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Illuminato","family":"Carosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3890-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evaristo","family":"Maiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Bossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008814","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1008814","article-title":"Trial Watch: Immunomodulatory Monoclonal Antibodies for Oncological 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