{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T20:45:36Z","timestamp":1769546736498,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoantibody detection is the cornerstone of autoimmune liver diseases (AILD) diagnosis. Standardisation of working algorithms among autoimmunity laboratories, as well as being aware of the sensitivity and specificity of various commercial techniques in daily practice, are still necessary. The aim of this nationwide study is to report the results of the 2020 Autoimmunity Workshop organised by the Autoimmunity Group of the Spanish Society of Immunology and to provide useful information to clinicians and laboratory specialists to improve the management of autoantibody detection in AILD diagnoses. Serum samples from 17 patients with liver diseases were provided by the organisers of the 2020 Autoimmunity Workshop and were subsequently analysed by the 40 participating laboratories. Each laboratory used different techniques for the detection of autoantibodies in each patients\u2019 serum sample, according to their working algorithm. Thus, almost 680 total complete patient reports were obtained, and the number of results from different autoantibody detection techniques was &gt;3000. Up to eight different working algorithms were employed, including indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA) and antigen-specific techniques (AgST). The IFA of HEp-2 cells was more sensitive than IFA of rat triple tissue for the study of anti-nuclear autoantibodies (ANA) associated with AILD. The IFA of a human neutrophil study for the analysis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies was not carried out systemically in all patients, or by all laboratories. AgSTs were the most sensitive methods for the detection of anti-smooth muscle\/F-actin, soluble liver antigen, liver cytosol-1, M2-mitochondrial autoantibodies, and ANA associated with primary biliary cholangitis. The main differences in AMA detection were due to patients with autoantibodies against the non-dominant epitope of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Given that they are complementary, IFA and AgST should be performed in parallel. If there is high suspicion of AILD, AgST should always be performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T22:29:43Z","timestamp":1647210583000},"page":"697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Working Algorithms and Detection Methods of Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Liver Disease: A Nationwide Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0308-6255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagn\u00f2stic Biom\u00e8dic, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170-Escala 4, Planta 0, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1509-8691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"P\u00e9rez-Isidro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagn\u00f2stic Biom\u00e8dic, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170-Escala 4, Planta 0, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0953-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I\u00f1aki","family":"Ortiz de Landazuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagn\u00f2stic Biom\u00e8dic, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170-Escala 4, Planta 0, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4919-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz Yadira","family":"Bravo-Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagn\u00f2stic Biom\u00e8dic, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170-Escala 4, Planta 0, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milagros","family":"Garcia-Ormaechea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lime Tree Surgery NHS, Worthing BN14 0DL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosa","family":"Juli\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odette","family":"Vi\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagn\u00f2stic Biom\u00e8dic, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170-Escala 4, Planta 0, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Est\u00edbaliz","family":"Ruiz-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagn\u00f2stic Biom\u00e8dic, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170-Escala 4, Planta 0, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the 2020 GEAI-SEI Workshop Participants","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00163","article-title":"Autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis: Can epitopes tell us about the etiology of the disease?","volume":"9","author":"Christen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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