{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:54:21Z","timestamp":1787504061829,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Belgian Directorate of Development Cooperation (DGD)","award":["Framework Agreement between the Belgian DGD and the Institute of Tropical Medicine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Framework Agreement between the Belgian DGD and the Institute of Tropical Medicine"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation - Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1153220N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1153220N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Vacc-iNTS project","award":["815439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["815439"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001704","name":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Grant: Towards evidence-based treatment of children with non-typhoidal Salmonella bloodstream infection in sub-Saharan Africa"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Grant: Towards evidence-based treatment of children with non-typhoidal Salmonella bloodstream infection in sub-Saharan Africa"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As part of a field study (NCT04473768) in children presenting with severe febrile illness to Kisantu hospital (DR Congo), we retrospectively compiled user experiences (not performance) with handheld diagnostic devices assisting triage: tympanic thermometer, pulse oximeter (measuring heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation), hemoglobinometer and glucometer. Guidance documents for product selection were generic and scattered. Stock rupture, market withdrawal and unaffordable prices interfered with procurement. Challenges at implementation included environmental temperature, capillary blood sampling (antisepsis, order of multiple tests, filling microcuvettes and glucose strips), calibration (environmental temperature, cold chain) and liability-oriented communication with a manufacturer. Instructions for use were readable and contained symbol keys; two devices had printed French-language instructions. Shortcomings were poor integration of figures with text and distinct procedures for the oximeter and its sensor. Usability interview revealed appreciations for quick results, visibility of the display and memory function (three devices) but also problems of capillary blood sample transfer, cleaning, too long of a time-to-results (respiratory rate) and size, fitting and disposal of thermometer probes. Pictorial error messages were preferred over alphanumeric error codes but interpretation of symbols was poor. Alarm sounds of the oximeter caused unrest in children and caretakers perceived the device as associated with poor prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:26:22Z","timestamp":1647811582000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Field Experiences with Handheld Diagnostic Devices to Triage Children under Five Presenting with Severe Febrile Illness in a District Hospital in DR Congo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1129-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bieke","family":"Tack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Saint Luc de Kisantu, Kisantu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ir\u00e8ne","family":"Mansosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Saint Luc de Kisantu, Kisantu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Nsema","family":"Mbaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Saint Luc de Kisantu, Kisantu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomie","family":"Wasolua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Saint Luc de Kisantu, Kisantu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aim\u00e9e","family":"Luyindula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Saint Luc de Kisantu, Kisantu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaan","family":"Toelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavie","family":"Lunguya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Causes of under-5 Mortality in 2000\u201315: An Updated Systematic Analysis with Implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Daily, J. 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