{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:34:02Z","timestamp":1785422042469,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3M0501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3M0501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a deep learning system in pterygium grading and recurrence prediction. Methods: This was a single center, retrospective study. Slit-lamp photographs, from patients with or without pterygium, were collected to develop an algorithm. Demographic data, including age, gender, laterality, grading, and pterygium area, recurrence, and surgical methods were recorded. Complex ocular surface diseases and pseudopterygium were excluded. Performance of the algorithm was evaluated by sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Confusion matrices and heatmaps were created to help explain the results. Results: A total of 237 eyes were enrolled, of which 176 eyes had pterygium and 61 were non-pterygium eyes. The training set and testing set were comprised of 189 and 48 photographs, respectively. In pterygium grading, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, and accuracy were 80% to 91.67%, 91.67% to 100%, 81.82% to 94.34%, and 86.67% to 91.67%, respectively. In the prediction model, our results showed sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values were 66.67%, 81.82%, 33.33%, and 94.74%, respectively. Conclusions: Deep learning systems can be useful in pterygium grading based on slit lamp photographs. When clinical parameters involved in the prediction of pterygium recurrence were included, the algorithm showed higher specificity and negative predictive value in prediction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12040888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T02:59:52Z","timestamp":1648954792000},"page":"888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Application of a Deep Learning System in Pterygium Grading and Further Prediction of Recurrence with Slit Lamp Photographs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6298-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Hsuan","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No. 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 83301, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 201, Sec.2, Shih-Pai Rd. Peitou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1079-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chihung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 83301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang-Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsheng","family":"Roan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9770-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Fu","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Hsi","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No. 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 83301, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Yuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No. 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 83301, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1117-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No. 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 83301, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Hui-Kang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No. 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 83301, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lung-Kun","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No. 5, Fu-Hsing St., Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 83301, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kuei Shan Hsiang, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar Kuang-Sheng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 201, Sec.2, Shih-Pai Rd. Peitou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.03.001","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of pterygium: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Rezvan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.108829","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and pterygium. Is the virus a risk factor?","volume":"91","author":"Prause","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. 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