{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:51:37Z","timestamp":1782928297326,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pelvic pain in reproductive age often represents a diagnostic challenge due to the variety of potential causes characterized by overlapping clinical symptoms, including gynecological and other disorders (e.g., entero-colic or urological). It is also necessary to determine if there is a possibility of pregnancy to rule out any related complications, such as ectopic pregnancy. Although ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are strongly integrated, the choice of which is the ideal diagnostic tool should be guided both by clinical suspicion (gynecological vs. non-gynecological cause) and by the risk ratio\u2013benefit (ionizing radiation and instrumental costs), too. The didactic objective proposed by this review consists in the diagnosis of the cause and differential of pelvic pain in reproductive age by describing and critically analyzing the US diagnostic clues of the most frequent adnexal, uterine, and vascular causes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12040939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,10]],"date-time":"2022-04-10T06:02:54Z","timestamp":1649570574000},"page":"939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pelvic Pain in Reproductive Age: US Findings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Di Serafino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Radiology, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4604-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Iacobellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Radiology, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1002-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Schillir\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Radiology, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9823-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Verde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Radiology, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Grimaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Radiology, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2788-4403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Dell\u2019Aversano Orabona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Radiology, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4946-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Radiology, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6558-3364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Radiology, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Rinaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Radiology, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Cantisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Vallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Health, University of Molise \u201cV. Tiberio\u201d, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigia","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Radiology, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Norton, M.E., Scoutt, L.M., Feldstein, V.A., and Callen, P.W. (2017). Callen\u2019s Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Iacobellis, F., Di Serafino, M., Danzi, R., Ponticiello, G., Schillir\u00f2, M.L., Barbuto, L., Nicola, R., Scaglione, M., and Romano, L. (2021). Gynecological and obstetric causes of acute right iliac fossa pain: Imaging approach and related imaging findings. 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