{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:43:03Z","timestamp":1788799383207,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathological sodium-water retention or edema\/congestion is a primary cause of heart failure (HF) decompensation, clinical symptoms, hospitalization, reduced quality of life, and premature mortality. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) based therapies reduce hospitalization due to HF, improve functional status, quality, and duration of life in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) independently of their glycemic status. The pathophysiologic mechanisms and molecular pathways responsible for the benefits of SGLT-2i in HFrEF remain inconclusive, but SGLT-2i may help HFrEF by normalizing salt-water homeostasis to prevent clinical edema\/congestion. In HFrEF, edema and congestion are related to compromised cardiac function. Edema and congestion are further aggravated by renal and pulmonary abnormalities. Treatment of HFrEF patients with SGLT-2i enhances natriuresis\/diuresis, improves cardiac function, and reduces natriuretic peptide plasma levels. In this review, we summarize current clinical research studies related to outcomes of SGLT-2i treatment in HFrEF with a specific focus on their contribution to relieving or preventing edema and congestion, slowing HF progression, and decreasing the rate of rehospitalization and cardiovascular mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12040989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T21:44:06Z","timestamp":1649972646000},"page":"989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Improve Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction Outcomes by Reducing Edema and Congestion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7633-2210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan D.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1811-567X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana E.","family":"McCune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy L.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2501-9029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inna P.","family":"Gladysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 Esc Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2021.01.022","article-title":"Universal Definition and Classification of Heart Failure: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure","volume":"27","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2115","article-title":"Universal Definition and Classification of Heart Failure: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure: Endorsed by the Canadian Heart Failure Society, Heart Failure Association of India, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, and Chinese Heart Failure Association","volume":"23","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra000050","article-title":"Aldosterone in Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"345","author":"Weber","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp052699","article-title":"Clinical Practice. Acute Pulmonary Edema","volume":"353","author":"Ware","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Writing Committee Members, Yancy, C.W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey, D.E., Drazner, M.H., Fonarow, G.C., Geraci, S.A., and Horwich, T. (2013). 2013 Accf\/Aha Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 128, e240\u2013e327.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31829e8776"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.191","article-title":"Causes and Treatment of Oedema in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"10","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-014-9438-7","article-title":"Water and Sodium in Heart Failure: A Spotlight on Congestion","volume":"20","author":"Parrinello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002922","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002922","article-title":"Fluid Volume Overload and Congestion in Heart Failure: Time to Reconsider Pathophysiology and How Volume Is Assessed","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2021.03.003","article-title":"Universal Definition and Classification of Heart Failure: Is It Universal? Does It Define Heart Failure?","volume":"27","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4901.102568","article-title":"Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: Executive Summary a Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"104","author":"Hunt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.63.3.645","article-title":"Relation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System to Clinical State in Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"63","author":"Dzau","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan, R.D., Mehta, R.M., Tripathi, R., Reed, G.L., and Gladysheva, I.P. (2019). Renin Activity in Heart Failure with Reduced Systolic Function-New Insights. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133182"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013389","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013389","article-title":"Sglt-2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure: Current Management, Unmet Needs, and Therapeutic Prospects","volume":"8","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correale, M., Petroni, R., Coiro, S., Antohi, E.L., Monitillo, F., Leone, M., Triggiani, M., Ishihara, S., Dungen, H.D., and Sarwar, C.M.S. (2021). Paradigm Shift in Heart Failure Treatment: Are Cardiologists Ready to Use Gliflozins?. Heart Fail. Rev., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-021-10107-8"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030012","article-title":"Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition in Heart Failure: Potential Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Summary of Clinical Trials","volume":"136","author":"Lytvyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1219-4","article-title":"Mechanisms and Evidence for Heart Failure Benefits from Sglt2 Inhibitors","volume":"21","author":"Wojcik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611925","article-title":"Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Neal","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","article-title":"Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy","volume":"380","author":"Perkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908655","article-title":"Committees. Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"381","author":"Solomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1432","article-title":"A Trial to Evaluate the Effect of the Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (Dapa-Hf)","volume":"21","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1548","article-title":"The Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse-Outcomes in Heart Failure (Dapa-Hf) Trial: Baseline Characteristics","volume":"21","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042929","article-title":"Dapagliflozin Effects on Biomarkers, Symptoms, and Functional Status in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: The Define-Hf Trial","volume":"140","author":"Nassif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3474-5","article-title":"Empagliflozin in Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial (Empire Hf)","volume":"20","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31824-9","article-title":"Sglt2 Inhibitors in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Meta-Analysis of the Emperor-Reduced and Dapa-Hf Trials","volume":"396","author":"Zannad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1713","article-title":"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicentre Pilot Study on the Effects of Empagliflozin on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (Empa-Response-Ahf)","volume":"22","author":"Damman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044138","article-title":"Effects of Dapagliflozin on Symptoms, Function, and Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: Results from the Dapa-Hf Trial","volume":"141","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.04.008","article-title":"Effect of Dapagliflozin in Patients with Hfref Treated with Sacubitril\/Valsartan: The Dapa-Hf Trial","volume":"8","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa183","article-title":"Effects of Dapagliflozin in Dapa-Hf According to Background Heart Failure Therapy","volume":"41","author":"Docherty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044133","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction According to Age: Insights from Dapa-Hf","volume":"141","author":"Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa496","article-title":"Effect of Dapagliflozin According to Baseline Systolic Blood Pressure in the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure Trial (Dapa-Hf)","volume":"41","author":"Serenelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047077","article-title":"Dapagliflozin and Diuretic Use in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Dapa-Hf","volume":"142","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa344","article-title":"Are the Benefits of Sglt2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction Influenced by Background Therapy? Expectations and Realities of a New Standard of Care","volume":"41","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.10.012","article-title":"Empa-Reg\u2014The \"Diuretic Hypothesis","volume":"30","author":"McMurray","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2016.193","article-title":"Cardioprotective Effects of Sglt2 Inhibitors Are Possibly Associated with Normalization of the Circadian Rhythm of Blood Pressure","volume":"40","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertens Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13126","article-title":"Why Do Sglt2 Inhibitors Reduce Heart Failure Hospitalization? A Differential Volume Regulation Hypothesis","volume":"20","author":"Hallow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx149","article-title":"Cardiac Effects of Sglt2 Inhibitors: The Sodium Hypothesis","volume":"114","author":"Bertero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30314-5","article-title":"Sglt2 Inhibitors: Hypotheses on the Mechanism of Cardiovascular Protection","volume":"6","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2018.07.006","article-title":"Empagliflozin Increases Cardiac Energy Production in Diabetes: Novel Translational Insights into the Heart Failure Benefits of Sglt2 Inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-018-6782-1","article-title":"An Exploratory Study of Dapagliflozin for the Attenuation of Albuminuria in Patients with Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Dapper)","volume":"32","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2020.02.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Benefits of Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (Sglt2) Inhibitors: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"5","author":"Lopaschuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.14740\/cr1221","article-title":"A Review of the Proposed Mechanistic Actions of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Heart Failure","volume":"12","author":"Nightingale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2021.05.019","article-title":"Differential Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Heart Failure with a Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction in Diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Packer","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S275076","article-title":"The Role of Dapagliflozin in the Management of Heart Failure: An Update on the Emerging Evidence","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-020-10038-w","article-title":"Sglt2-Inhibitors; More Than Just Glycosuria and Diuresis","volume":"26","author":"Fathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr042","article-title":"Early Dyspnoea Relief in Acute Heart Failure: Prevalence, Association with Mortality, and Effect of Rolofylline in the Protect Study","volume":"32","author":"Metra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2014.09.003","article-title":"Decongestion Strategies and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Activation in Acute Heart Failure","volume":"3","author":"Mentz","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2015.1.2.90","article-title":"Fluid Management in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"1","author":"Pellicori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Card. Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.417","article-title":"Lung Congestion in Chronic Heart Failure: Haemodynamic, Clinical, and Prognostic Implications","volume":"17","author":"Melenovsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.890","article-title":"Clinical Phenotypes and Outcome of Patients Hospitalized for Acute Heart Failure: The Esc Heart Failure Long-Term Registry","volume":"19","author":"Chioncel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.02.018","article-title":"Wet Is Bad: Residual Congestion Predicts Worse Prognosis in Acute Heart Failure","volume":"258","author":"Aimo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.039920","article-title":"Prognostic Implications of Congestion on Physical Examination among Contemporary Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: Paradigm-Hf","volume":"140","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09829-7","article-title":"New Perspectives and Future Directions in the Treatment of Heart Failure","volume":"25","author":"Pellicori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09868-0","article-title":"Congestion Occurrence and Evaluation in Acute Heart Failure Scenario: Time to Reconsider Different Pathways of Volume Overload","volume":"25","author":"Palazzuoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2021.01.002","article-title":"Improving Health-Related Quality of Life for Women with Acute Heart Failure: Chronically Undertreated","volume":"9","author":"DeFilippis","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2021.05.003","article-title":"Congestion in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: Assessment and Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Lombardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.09.011","article-title":"Congestion in Acute Heart Failure Syndromes: An Essential Target of Evaluation and Treatment","volume":"119","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn048","article-title":"A Proposal to Standardize Dyspnoea Measurement in Clinical Trials of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes: The Need for a Uniform Approach","volume":"29","author":"Pang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq045","article-title":"Assessing and Grading Congestion in Acute Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology and Endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"12","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.09.023","article-title":"Integrative Assessment of Congestion in Heart Failure Throughout the Patient Journey","volume":"6","author":"Girerd","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan, R.D., Mehta, R.M., Tripathi, R., Gladysheva, I.P., and Reed, G.L. (2019). Normalizing Plasma Renin Activity in Experimental Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Effects on Edema, Cachexia, and Survival. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163886"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathi, R., Sullivan, R.D., Fan, T.M., Mehta, R.M., Gladysheva, I.P., and Reed, G.L. (2021). A Low-Sodium Diet Boosts Ang (1-7) Production and No-Cgmp Bioavailability to Reduce Edema and Enhance Survival in Experimental Heart Failure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084035"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirrotta, F., Mazza, B., Gennari, L., and Palazzuoli, A. (2021). Pulmonary Congestion Assessment in Heart Failure: Traditional and New Tools. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11081306"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Reed, G.L., Gladysheva, I.P., Sullivan, R.D., and Mehta, R.M. (2021). Method of Personalized Treatment for Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure and Associated Diseases by Measuring Edema and Cachexia\/Sarcopenia. (17\/313,904), U.S. Patent, Available online: https:\/\/www.freepatentsonline.com\/y2021\/0263120.html."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.07.072","article-title":"Diuretic Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure","volume":"201","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0849-6","article-title":"The Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin Attenuates Cardiac Fibrosis and Improves Ventricular Hemodynamics in Hypertensive Heart Failure Rats","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030418","article-title":"Activation and Inhibition of Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger Is a Mechanism That Links the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus with That of Heart Failure","volume":"136","author":"Packer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12127","article-title":"Dapagliflozin a Glucose-Regulating Drug with Diuretic Properties in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Wie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eickhoff, M.K., Dekkers, C.C.J., Kramers, B.J., Laverman, G.D., Frimodt-Moller, M., Jorgensen, N.R., Faber, J., Danser, A.H.J., Gansevoort, R.T., and Rossing, P. (2019). Effects of Dapagliflozin on Volume Status When Added to Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060779"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14360","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14360","article-title":"Osmotic Diuresis by Sglt2 Inhibition Stimulates Vasopressin-Induced Water Reabsorption to Maintain Body Fluid Volume","volume":"8","author":"Masuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw110","article-title":"Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition for the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients with Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"37","author":"Marx","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31808-7","article-title":"Heart Failure Drug Treatment","volume":"393","author":"Rossignol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Basu, S., and Hallow, K.M. (2020). Cardiac and Renal Function Interactions in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Mathematical Modeling Analysis. PLoS Comput. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008074"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e840","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000664","article-title":"Cardiorenal Syndrome: Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Rangaswami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101720","article-title":"Edema and Decreased Renal Blood Flow in Patients with Chronic Congestive Heart Failure: Evidence of \u201cForward Failure\u201d as the Primary Cause of Edema","volume":"25","author":"Merrill","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.47.4.786","article-title":"Intrarenal Blood Flow in Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"47","author":"Kilcoyne","year":"1973","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.045409","article-title":"Altered Hemodynamics and End-Organ Damage in Heart Failure: Impact on the Lung and Kidney","volume":"142","author":"Verbrugge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000584","article-title":"Renal Effects of Sglt2 Inhibitors: An Update","volume":"29","author":"Nespoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1159\/000501081","article-title":"A Potential Mechanism of Cardio-Renal Protection with Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: Amelioration of Renal Congestion","volume":"44","author":"Kuriyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.88.6.564","article-title":"Nitric Oxide and Myocardial Function in Heart Failure: Friend or Foe?","volume":"88","author":"Cotton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.895581","article-title":"Decompensated Heart Failure Is Associated with Reduced Corin Levels and Decreased Cleavage of Pro-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide","volume":"4","author":"Ibebuogu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.960948","article-title":"Process Matters: Emerging Concepts Underlying Impaired Natriuretic Peptide System Function in Heart Failure","volume":"4","author":"Dries","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2013.09.002","article-title":"The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Heart Failure","volume":"32","author":"Sayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150469","article-title":"The Natriuretic Peptides System in the Pathophysiology of Heart Failure: From Molecular Basis to Treatment","volume":"130","author":"Volpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7279036","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7279036","article-title":"Possible Enzymatic Downregulation of the Natriuretic Peptide System in Patients with Reduced Systolic Function and Heart Failure: A Pilot Study","volume":"2018","author":"Zaidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06300","article-title":"Depressed Corin Levels Indicate Early Systolic Dysfunction before Increases of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide\/B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Heart Failure Development","volume":"67","author":"Tripathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathi, R., Sullivan, R., Fan, T.M., Wang, D., Sun, Y., Reed, G.L., and Gladysheva, I.P. (2017). Enhanced Heart Failure, Mortality and Renin Activation in Female Mice with Experimental Dilated Cardiomyopathy. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189315"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.056","article-title":"Empagliflozin Ameliorates Adverse Left Ventricular Remodeling in Nondiabetic Heart Failure by Enhancing Myocardial Energetics","volume":"73","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansary, T.M., Nakano, D., and Nishiyama, A. (2019). Diuretic Effects of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Their Influence on the Renin-Angiotensin System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030629"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq154","article-title":"Eurobservational Research Programme: The Heart Failure Pilot Survey (Esc-Hf Pilot)","volume":"12","author":"Maggioni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.01.067","article-title":"Prevalence, Predictors and Clinical Outcome of Residual Congestion in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure","volume":"258","author":"Demissei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.019","article-title":"2013 Accf\/Aha Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"62","author":"Yancy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.008","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Empagliflozin in Nondiabetic Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"77","author":"Mancini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812389","article-title":"Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. Reply","volume":"380","author":"Wiviott","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053659","article-title":"Dapagliflozin and Recurrent Heart Failure Hospitalizations in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: An Analysis of Dapa-Hf","volume":"143","author":"Jhund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab560","article-title":"Effect of Dapagliflozin on Ventricular Arrhythmias, Resuscitated Cardiac Arrest, or Sudden Death in Dapa-Hf","volume":"42","author":"Curtain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.0379","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Men and Women with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Prespecified Analysis of the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure Trial","volume":"6","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.03.020","article-title":"Effect of Sglt-2 Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Heart Failure Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"87","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2021.04.014","article-title":"Mechanistic Insights of Empagliflozin in Nondiabetic Patients with Hfref: From the Empa-Tropism Study","volume":"9","author":"Mancini","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052186","article-title":"Effect of Empagliflozin on Left Ventricular Volumes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, or Prediabetes, and Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (Sugar-Dm-Hf)","volume":"143","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13406","article-title":"Design and Rationale of the Empa-Vision Trial: Investigating the Metabolic Effects of Empagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"8","author":"Hundertmark","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0457","article-title":"Cardioprotection of Dapagliflozin and Vildagliptin in Rats with Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"236","author":"Tanajak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12755","article-title":"Weight Loss Associated with Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition: A Review of Evidence and Underlying Mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2137","article-title":"Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibition in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Rationale for and Design of the Empulse Trial","volume":"23","author":"Tromp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa277","article-title":"Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors and Insights from Biomarker Measurement in Heart Failure Patients","volume":"67","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008837","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction According to N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide: Insights from the Dapa-Hf Trial","volume":"14","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0877-2","article-title":"Canagliflozin for Japanese Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Type Ii Diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Sezai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12234","article-title":"Kidney Function Crucially Affects B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (Bnp), N-Terminal Probnp and Their Relationship","volume":"44","author":"Takase","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006740","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006740","article-title":"Interaction of Body Mass Index on the Association between N-Terminal-Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Acute Heart Failure: Findings from Ascend-Hf (Acute Study of Clinical Effectiveness of Nesiritide in Decompensated Heart Failure)","volume":"7","author":"Bhatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.206136","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Tissue Fluid Accumulation in Inflammation","volume":"589","author":"Wiig","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-017-0337-9","article-title":"Inflammation - Cause or Consequence of Heart Failure or Both?","volume":"14","author":"Tschope","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.01.014","article-title":"Inflammation in Heart Failure: Jacc State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"75","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4859-4","article-title":"Canagliflozin Reduces Inflammation and Fibrosis Biomarkers: A Potential Mechanism of Action for Beneficial Effects of Sglt2 Inhibitors in Diabetic Kidney Disease","volume":"62","author":"Heerspink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00885-z","article-title":"Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies","volume":"11","author":"Alshnbari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107832","article-title":"Endothelial Function and Dysfunction: Impact of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors","volume":"224","author":"Ugusman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2022.03.005","article-title":"Cardiac Mechanisms of the Beneficial Effects of Sglt2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure: Evidence for Potential Off-Target Effects","volume":"167","author":"Dyck","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.113","article-title":"Heart Failure and Kidney Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Mechanisms and Management","volume":"12","author":"Schefold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2016.09.006","article-title":"Progression of Renal Impairment and Chronic Kidney Disease in Chronic Heart Failure: An Analysis from Gissi-Hf","volume":"23","author":"Damman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Card Fail."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamska-Welnicka, A., Welnicki, M., Mamcarz, A., and Gellert, R. (2021). Chronic Kidney Disease and Heart Failure-Everyday Diagnostic Challenges. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11112164"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050391","article-title":"Efficacy of Dapagliflozin on Renal Function and Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Results of Dapa-Hf","volume":"143","author":"Jhund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00531-3","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire: A New Health Status Measure for Heart Failure","volume":"35","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa1007","article-title":"Empagliflozin and Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: The Emperor-Reduced Trial","volume":"42","author":"Butler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spertus, J.A., Birmingham, M.C., Nassif, M., Damaraju, C.V., Abbate, A., Butler, J., Lanfear, D.E., Lingvay, I., Kosiborod, M.N., and Januzzi, J.L. (2022). The Sglt2 Inhibitor Canagliflozin in Heart Failure: The Chief-Hf Remote, Patient-Centered Randomized Trial. Nat. Med., 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01703-8"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019463","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019463","article-title":"Effects of Sodium\/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (Sglt2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trials","volume":"10","author":"Teo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.09.026","article-title":"New Insights from Sonar Indicate Adding Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors to an Endothelin Receptor Antagonist Mitigates Fluid Retention and Enhances Albuminuria Reduction","volume":"99","author":"Heerspink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/4\/989\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:03Z","timestamp":1760136843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/4\/989"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12040989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12040989","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}