{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:13:58Z","timestamp":1789622038282,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pericardial effusions (PEFs) are often missed on Computed Tomography (CT), which particularly affects the outcome of patients presenting with hemodynamic compromise. An automatic PEF detection, segmentation, and classification tool would expedite and improve CT based PEF diagnosis; 258 CTs with (206 with simple PEF, 52 with hemopericardium) and without PEF (each 134 with contrast, 124 non-enhanced) were identified using the radiology report (01\/2016\u201301\/2021). PEF were manually 3D-segmented. A deep convolutional neural network (nnU-Net) was trained on 316 cases and separately tested on the remaining 200 and 22 external post-mortem CTs. Inter-reader variability was tested on 40 CTs. PEF classification utilized the median Hounsfield unit from each prediction. The sensitivity and specificity for PEF detection was 97% (95% CI 91.48\u201399.38%) and 100.00% (95% CI 96.38\u2013100.00%) and 89.74% and 83.61% for diagnosing hemopericardium (AUC 0.944, 95% CI 0.904\u20130.984). Model performance (Dice coefficient: 0.75 \u00b1 0.01) was non-inferior to inter-reader (0.69 \u00b1 0.02) and was unaffected by contrast administration nor alternative chest pathology (p &gt; 0.05). External dataset testing yielded similar results. Our model reliably detects, segments, and classifies PEF on CT in a complex dataset, potentially serving as an alert tool whilst enhancing report quality. The model and corresponding datasets are publicly available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T05:07:22Z","timestamp":1650604042000},"page":"1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Automated Detection, Segmentation, and Classification of Pericardial Effusions on Chest CT Using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7662-4248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Jonathan","family":"Wilder-Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research and Analytical Services, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research and Analytical Services, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9274-053X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Weikert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research and Analytical Services, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Bremerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5657-6637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Haaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7820-2778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Segeroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research and Analytical Services, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars C.","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Center Zurich, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Z\u00fcrich, 8057 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6707-2258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Sauter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research and Analytical Services, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9949-7912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Sexauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research and Analytical Services, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.11456","article-title":"Trends in Use of Medical Imaging in US Health Care Systems and in Ontario, Canada, 2000\u20132016","volume":"322","author":"Kwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2018.04.029","article-title":"Managing Incidental Findings on Thoracic CT: Mediastinal and Cardiovascular Findings. 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