{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:22:01Z","timestamp":1772252521692,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R21CA149872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21CA149872"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01CA187219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA187219"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1R01CA174858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01CA174858"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["P01NS40923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01NS40923"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["U01 CA140230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA140230"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 CA111996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA111996"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["P30CA47904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA47904"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1 RR024153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 RR024153"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1TR000005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000005"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["5T15LM007059-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T15LM007059-27"]}]},{"name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center Immunological Monitoring Core","award":["R21CA149872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21CA149872"]}]},{"name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center Immunological Monitoring Core","award":["R01CA187219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA187219"]}]},{"name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center Immunological Monitoring 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RR024153"]}]},{"name":"National Brain Tumor Society","award":["UL1TR000005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000005"]}]},{"name":"National Brain Tumor Society","award":["5T15LM007059-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T15LM007059-27"]}]},{"name":"Ian\u2019s (Ian Yagoda) Friends Foundation Grant, Society of Pediatric Radiology Pilot Award","award":["R21CA149872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21CA149872"]}]},{"name":"Ian\u2019s (Ian Yagoda) Friends Foundation Grant, Society of Pediatric Radiology Pilot Award","award":["R01CA187219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA187219"]}]},{"name":"Ian\u2019s (Ian Yagoda) Friends Foundation Grant, Society of Pediatric Radiology Pilot Award","award":["1R01CA174858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01CA174858"]}]},{"name":"Ian\u2019s (Ian Yagoda) Friends Foundation Grant, Society of Pediatric Radiology Pilot Award","award":["P01NS40923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01NS40923"]}]},{"name":"Ian\u2019s (Ian Yagoda) Friends Foundation Grant, Society of Pediatric Radiology Pilot Award","award":["U01 CA140230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA140230"]}]},{"name":"Ian\u2019s (Ian Yagoda) Friends Foundation Grant, Society of Pediatric Radiology Pilot Award","award":["R01 CA111996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA111996"]}]},{"name":"Ian\u2019s (Ian Yagoda) Friends Foundation Grant, Society of Pediatric Radiology Pilot Award","award":["P30CA47904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA47904"]}]},{"name":"Ian\u2019s (Ian Yagoda) Friends Foundation Grant, Society of Pediatric Radiology Pilot Award","award":["UL1 RR024153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 RR024153"]}]},{"name":"Ian\u2019s (Ian Yagoda) Friends Foundation Grant, Society of Pediatric Radiology Pilot Award","award":["UL1TR000005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000005"]}]},{"name":"Ian\u2019s (Ian Yagoda) Friends Foundation Grant, Society of Pediatric Radiology Pilot Award","award":["5T15LM007059-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T15LM007059-27"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: 23Na MRI correlates with tumor proliferation, and studies in pediatric patients are lacking. The purpose of the study: (1) to compare total sodium concentration (TSC) between pediatric glioma and non-neoplastic brain tissue using 23Na MRI; (2) compare tissue conspicuity of bound sodium concentration (BSC) using 23Na MRI dual echo relative to TSC imaging. Methods: TSC was measured in: (1) non-neoplastic brain tissues and (2) three types of manually segmented gliomas (diffuse intrinsic brainstem glioma (DIPG), recurrent supratentorial low-grade glioma (LGG), and high-grade glioma (HGG)). In a subset of patients, serial changes in both TSC and BSC (dual echo 23Na MRI) were assessed. Results: Twenty-six pediatric patients with gliomas (median age of 12.0 years, range 4.9\u201323.3 years) were scanned with 23Na MRI. DIPG treated with RT demonstrated higher TSC values than the uninvolved infratentorial tissues (p &lt; 0.001). Recurrent supratentorial LGG and HGG exhibited higher TSC values than the uninvolved white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) (p &lt; 0.002 for LGG, and p &lt; 0.02 for HGG). The dual echo 23Na MRI suppressed the sodium signal within both CSF and necrotic foci. Conclusion: Quantitative 23Na MRI of pediatric gliomas demonstrates a range of values that are higher than non-neoplastic tissues. Dual echo 23Na MRI of BCS improves tissue conspicuity relative to TSC imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"1223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Quantitative Sodium (23Na) MRI in Pediatric Gliomas: Initial Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3702-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aashim","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19096, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent Kyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongxian","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Paldino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Ceschin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Hect","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8804-7257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M.","family":"Mountz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"},{"name":"Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3953-8022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Kohanbash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian F.","family":"Pollack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina I.","family":"Jakacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Boada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1966-6681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok","family":"Panigrahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"},{"name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox158","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2010\u20132014","volume":"19","author":"Ostrom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.410","article-title":"Years of life lived with disease and years of potential life lost in 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