{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T01:03:11Z","timestamp":1778806991438,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To systematically review the clinicopathological features of oral warty keratoma based on published literature. Materials and Methods: PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for reports of oral warty dyskeratoma. Of the 52 identified articles, only 25 articles (43 cases) satisfied the selection criteria (case report\/series in the English language reporting clinicopathologically diagnosed oral warty dyskeratoma\/oral focal acantholytic keratosis\/oral isolated dyskeratosis follicularis in humans). Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs institute critical appraisal checklist for case reports and case series. Results: Most cases had well-circumscribed, white, nodular verruco-papillary lesions with a central depressed\/crater-like area. Alveolar ridges were the most frequent sites of occurrence and tobacco was the most commonly associated risk factor. Histopathologically, the most pathognomonic feature was the supra-basal clefting. The cleft had dyskeratotic acantholytic cells (corps ronds, and grains). Below the cleft were projections of the connective tissue villi lined by basal cells. The basal cells in a few cases exhibited hyperplasia in the form of budding into the stroma, but epithelial dysplasia was not reported. The surface epithelium had crypts filled with keratin debris. Conclusion: Oral warty dyskeratoma is a rare solitary self-limiting benign entity, which due to its clinical and histopathological resemblance and associated habit history could be misdiagnosed as leukoplakia or carcinoma. None of the assessed articles provided molecular data, which in turn could be the reason for the lack of insight into the etiopathogenesis of this enigmatic lesion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T13:56:12Z","timestamp":1653054972000},"page":"1273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Oral Warty Dyskeratoma\u2014A Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1079-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Thirumal","family":"Raj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamran Habib","family":"Awan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shankargouda","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Pathology, King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2103-0746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saman","family":"Warnakulasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King\u2019s College London, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2017.04.014","article-title":"Oral warty dyskeratoma of the retromolar trigone: An unusual presentation of a rare lesion","volume":"3","author":"Peters","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAAD Case Reports"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2011.01082.x","article-title":"Warty dyskeratoma\/focal acantholytic dyskeratosis - An update on a rare oral lesion","volume":"41","author":"Allon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/298249","article-title":"Verrucous Papillary Lesions: Dilemmas in Diagnosis and Terminology","volume":"2013","author":"Kallarakkal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1054\/ijom.2002.0255","article-title":"Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis arising in an intraoral skin flap","volume":"31","author":"Fyfe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1980.01640320079021","article-title":"Oral Warty Dyskeratoma","volume":"116","author":"Harrist","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., Stewart, L.A., Altman, D.G., and Booth, A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (prisma-p) 2015: Elaboration and explanation. BMJ, 349.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, May 18). The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools for Use in JBI Systematic Reviews Checklist for Prevalence Studies. Available online: https:\/\/jbi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-08\/Checklist_for_Prevalence_Studies.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1967.01600330050008","article-title":"Warty dyskeratoma. A note concerning its occurrence on the oral mucosa","volume":"95","author":"Gorlin","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"378","article-title":"Oral warty dyskeratoma: Literature review and report of case","volume":"39","author":"Dixey","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(75)90093-6","article-title":"Oral focal acantholytic dyskeratosis (warty dyskeratoma): Report of two cases","volume":"39","author":"Giunta","year":"1975","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(80)90076-6","article-title":"Oral warty dyskeratoma","volume":"49","author":"Danforth","year":"1980","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(81)90175-4","article-title":"Oral focal acantholytic dyskeratosis","volume":"52","author":"Freedman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"293.e4","article-title":"Oral warty dyskeratoma","volume":"33","author":"Mesa","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-198708000-00008","article-title":"Solitary labial papular acantholytic dyskeratoma in an immunocompromised host","volume":"9","author":"Nickoloff","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2003.44.1.166","article-title":"A case of focal acantholytic dyskeratosis occurring on both the lip and the anal canal","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-199504000-00013","article-title":"Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis on the lip","volume":"17","author":"Ahn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(84)90366-9","article-title":"Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis of the oral mucosa","volume":"58","author":"Leider","year":"1984","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/ors.12081","article-title":"Warty dyskeratoma of the buccal mucosa","volume":"7","author":"Steele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-117X(79)90008-8","article-title":"Warty dyskeratoma. A note concerning its occurrence on the oral mucosa, and its possible pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Basu","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1984.tb05686.x","article-title":"Focal Oral Warty Dyskeratoma","volume":"23","author":"Kaugars","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1990.tb00072.x","article-title":"Oral focal acantholytic dyskeratosis","volume":"16","author":"Zunt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(71)90136-8","article-title":"Warty dyskeratoma (isolated dyskeratosis follicularis) of the oral mucosa","volume":"31","author":"Tomich","year":"1971","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(84)90134-8","article-title":"Warty dyskeratoma of the oral mucosa- Correlated light and electron microscopic study","volume":"58","author":"Newland","year":"1984","journal-title":"Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(81)90342-X","article-title":"Warty dyskeratoma of oral mucosa","volume":"52","author":"Patibanda","year":"1981","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(96)80138-7","article-title":"Verruciform xanthoma associated with an intraoral warty dyskeratoma","volume":"81","author":"Neville","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(85)90011-7","article-title":"Warty dyskeratoma of the oral mucosa","volume":"23","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1984.tb01455.x","article-title":"Oral warty dyskeratoma","volume":"13","author":"Chau","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(85)90064-7","article-title":"Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis and epidermolytic hyperkeratosis of the oral mucosa adjacent to squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"59","author":"Brodsky","year":"1985","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1957.01550160093012","article-title":"Warty Dyskeratoma: A Benign Cutaneous Tumor Resembling Darier\u2019s Disease Microscopically","volume":"75","author":"Szymanski","year":"1957","journal-title":"AMA Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"A consensus report from the first Asian regional meeting on the terminology and criteria for verruco-papillary lesions of the oral cavity held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 15-18, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Zain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Dent. Univ. Malaya"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, S., Warnakulasuriya, S., Raj, T., Sanketh, D.S., and Rao, R.S. (2016). Exophytic oral verrucous hyperplasia: A new entity. J. Investig. Clin. Dent., 7.","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12166"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-019-01003-7","article-title":"HPV-Related Papillary Lesions of the Oral Mucosa: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Betz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.122756","article-title":"Warty dyskeratoma-\u201cFollicular dyskeratoma\u201d: Analysis of clinicopathologic features of a distinctive follicular adnexal neoplasm","volume":"47","author":"Kaddu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/5\/1273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:15:33Z","timestamp":1760138133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/5\/1273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12051273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12051273","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]}}}