{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:54:18Z","timestamp":1791467658907,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A corneal ulcer is an open sore that forms on the cornea; it is usually caused by an infection or injury and can result in ocular morbidity. Early detection and discrimination between different ulcer diseases reduces the chances of visual disability. Traditional clinical methods that use slit-lamp images can be tiresome, expensive, and time-consuming. Instead, this paper proposes a deep learning approach to diagnose corneal ulcers, enabling better, improved treatment. This paper suggests two modes to classify corneal images using manual and automatic deep learning feature extraction. Different dimensionality reduction techniques are utilized to uncover the most significant features that give the best results. Experimental results show that manual and automatic feature extraction techniques succeeded in discriminating ulcers from a general grading perspective, with ~93% accuracy using the 30 most significant features extracted using various dimensionality reduction techniques. On the other hand, automatic deep learning feature extraction discriminated severity grading with a higher accuracy than type grading regardless of the number of features used. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to ever attempt to distinguish corneal ulcers based on their grade grading, type grading, ulcer shape, and distribution. Identifying corneal ulcers at an early stage is a preventive measure that reduces aggravation and helps track the efficacy of adapted medical treatment, improving the general public health in remote, underserved areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12061344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T08:50:51Z","timestamp":1653814251000},"page":"1344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Intelligent Diagnosis and Classification of Keratitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2966-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiam","family":"Alquran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"},{"name":"Biomedical Systems and Medical Informatics Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7747-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazan","family":"Al-Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5450-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alsalatie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical Technology, King Hussein Medical Center, Royal Jordanian Medical Service, Amman 11855, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7260-6085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan Azani","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Campus Pauh Putra, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Advanced Computing (AdvComp), Centre of Excellence (CoE), Campus Pauh Putra, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5587-3974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isam Abu","family":"Qasmieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Systems and Medical Informatics Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ala\u2019a","family":"Zyout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Systems and Medical Informatics Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74496-4","article-title":"Divergent approaches to the management of corneal ulcers","volume":"114","author":"Pepose","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. 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[Ph.D. Thesis, University of Massachusetts Lowell].","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2043277"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/6\/1344\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:20:42Z","timestamp":1760138442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/6\/1344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12061344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12061344","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]}}}