{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:18:07Z","timestamp":1784614687391,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome caused by various etiologies that results in systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction with congestion. While evaluating HF and planning for treatment, physicians utilize various laboratory tests, including electrocardiography, diverse imaging tests, exercise testing, invasive hemodynamic evaluation, or endomyocardial biopsy. Among these, cardiac imaging modalities and biomarkers are the mainstays during HF diagnosis and treatment. Recent developments in non-invasive imaging modalities, such as echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear imaging, have helped us understand the etiology, pathophysiology, and hemodynamics of HF, and determine treatment options and predict the outcomes. Due to the convenience of their use and potential impact on HF management, biomarkers are increasingly adopted in our clinical practice as well as research purpose. Natriuretic peptide is the most widely used biomarker for the diagnosis of HF, evaluation of treatment response, and prediction of future outcomes. Other cardiac biomarkers to evaluate the pathophysiological mechanisms of HF include myocardial injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, hypertrophy, and neurohormonal activation. Because HF results from complex cardiac disorders, it is essential to assess the disease status multidimensionally. The proper utilization of multimodality imaging and cardiac biomarkers can improve the quality of patient management and predict clinical outcomes in HF in the era of personalized medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12061366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T12:48:31Z","timestamp":1654087711000},"page":"1366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multidimensional Approach of Heart Failure Diagnosis and Prognostication Utilizing Cardiac Imaging with Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5751-2328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Cheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University College of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3395-4279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung-Su","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"352","article-title":"Universal Definition and Classification of Heart Failure: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure","volume":"23","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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