{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:28:25Z","timestamp":1787498905693,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the last five decades, lung sonography has developed into a core competency of intensive care medicine. It is a highly accurate bedside tool, with clear diagnostic criteria for most causes of respiratory failure (pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and pleural effusion). It helps in distinguishing a hypovolemic from a cardiogenic, obstructive, or distributive shock. In addition to diagnostics, it can also be used to guide ventilator settings, fluid administration, and even antimicrobial therapy, as well as to assess diaphragmatic function. Moreover, it provides risk-reducing guidance during invasive procedures, e.g., intubation, thoracocentesis, or percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. The recent pandemic has further increased its scope of clinical applications in the management of COVID-19 patients, from their initial presentation at the emergency department, during their hospitalization, and after their discharge into the community. Despite its increasing use, a consensus on education, assessment of competencies, and certification is still missing. Deep learning and artificial intelligence are constantly developing in medical imaging, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound enables new diagnostic perspectives. This review summarizes the clinical aspects of lung sonography in intensive care medicine and provides an overview about current training modalities, diagnostic limitations, and future developments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12061405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T10:08:24Z","timestamp":1654510104000},"page":"1405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Lung Sonography in Critical Care Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Breitkopf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3648-7338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Treml","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6193-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasa","family":"Rajsic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3952-5","article-title":"Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Intensive Care Units: Assessment of 1073 Procedures in a Multicentric, Prospective, Observational Study","volume":"41","author":"Zieleskiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"556","article-title":"Ultrasonic Examination of the Lung","volume":"72","author":"Ross","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-017-0059-y","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for the Use of Ultrasound versus Radiology in Diagnosing of Pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Ultrasound J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70135-3","article-title":"Point-of-Care Ultrasonography in Patients Admitted with Respiratory Symptoms: A Single-Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"2","author":"Laursen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2608","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound-Implemented Diagnosis of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in the ED: A SIMEU Multicenter Study","volume":"148","author":"Pivetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5713","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005713","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Adults: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"96","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R208","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13016","article-title":"Pleural Ultrasonography versus Chest Radiography for the Diagnosis of Pneumothorax: Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Alrajab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802010000200009","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Sonography for Pleural Effusion: Systematic Review","volume":"128","author":"Grimberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e707","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003129","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Chest Radiograph, and When Concomitantly Studied Lung Ultrasound, in Critically Ill Patients With Respiratory Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Winkler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31824e68ae","article-title":"Ultrasound Assessment of Lung Aeration Loss during a Successful Weaning Trial Predicts Postextubation Distress","volume":"40","author":"Soummer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"579","article-title":"The Value of Lung Ultrasound Score on Evaluating Clinical Severity and Prognosis in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4411-7","article-title":"Lung Ultrasonography for Assessment of Oxygenation Response to Prone Position Ventilation in ARDS","volume":"42","author":"Haddam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R91","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13859","article-title":"Early Fluid Loading in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome with Septic Shock Deteriorates Lung Aeration without Impairing Arterial Oxygenation: A Lung Ultrasound Observational Study","volume":"18","author":"Caltabeloti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201003-0369OC","article-title":"Bedside Ultrasound Assessment of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure-Induced Lung Recruitment","volume":"183","author":"Bouhemad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra072149","article-title":"Computed Tomography\u2014An Increasing Source of Radiation Exposure","volume":"357","author":"Brenner","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2017.170730","article-title":"Point-of-Care Testing: General Aspects","volume":"64","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181e7cc42","article-title":"The Use of Point-of-Care Bedside Lung Ultrasound Significantly Reduces the Number of Radiographs and Computed Tomography Scans in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"111","author":"Peris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22034","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound and Computed Tomographic Findings in Pregnant Woman with COVID-19","volume":"55","author":"Kalafat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.04.020","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Pneumonia in a Pregnant Woman with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Using Maternal Lung Ultrasound","volume":"223","author":"Inchingolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.21106\/ijma.294","article-title":"Trends in Ultrasound Use in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Matern. Child Health AIDS IJMA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.10.009","article-title":"A Critical Review of Point-of-Care Diagnostic Technologies to Combat Viral Pandemics","volume":"1146","author":"Everitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.033","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure Reduces Conventional Imaging and Health Care Provider Exposure to COVID-19","volume":"46","author":"Mongodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajsic, S., Breitkopf, R., Bachler, M., and Treml, B. (2021). Diagnostic Modalities in Critical Care: Point-of-Care Approach. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122202"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2020.05.001","article-title":"Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Intensive Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"75","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-0882","article-title":"Focused Sonography of the Heart, Lungs, and Deep Veins Identifies Missed Life-Threatening Conditions in Admitted Patients with Acute Respiratory Symptoms","volume":"144","author":"Laursen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0909487","article-title":"Point-of-Care Ultrasonography","volume":"364","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000260624.99430.22","article-title":"Basic Physics of Ultrasound Imaging","volume":"35","author":"Aldrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2022, April 30). Markowitz: Probe Selection, Machine Controls and Equipment\u2014Google Scholar. Available online: https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?author=J+Markowitz&title=Probe+selection%2C+machine+controls%2C+and+equipment&publication_year=2011&pages=25-38."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2800","article-title":"Relevance of Lung Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Failure: The BLUE Protocol","volume":"134","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15285","article-title":"Proposal for International Standardization of the Use of Lung Ultrasound for Patients With COVID-19: A Simple, Quantitative, Reproducible Method","volume":"39","author":"Soldati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.07.002","article-title":"Semiquantitative Lung Ultrasound Scores in the Evaluation and Follow-up of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Single-Center Study","volume":"27","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201802-0227LE","article-title":"Training for Lung Ultrasound Score Measurement in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"198","author":"Rouby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.15557\/JoU.2021.0036","article-title":"Signs and Lines in Lung Ultrasound","volume":"21","author":"Bhoil","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaceaccp\/mkv012","article-title":"Practical Approach to Lung Ultrasound","volume":"16","author":"Mbchb","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-4-1","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound in the Critically Ill","volume":"4","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.156245","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound: Present and Future","volume":"32","author":"Saraogi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"769","article-title":"Enhanced Recognition of \u201cLung Sliding\u201d with Power Color Doppler Imaging in the Diagnosis of Pneumothorax","volume":"52","author":"Cunningham","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.197351","article-title":"Lung Point and Power Slide Signs Help to Improve the Accuracy of Lung Ultrasound to Diagnose Pneumothorax","volume":"11","author":"Parab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"142","article-title":"FALLS-Protocol: Lung Ultrasound in Hemodynamic Assessment of Shock","volume":"5","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Lung Vessel."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.5.96-07096","article-title":"The Comet-Tail Artifact. An Ultrasound Sign of Alveolar-Interstitial Syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2513-4","article-title":"International Evidence-Based Recommendations for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound","volume":"38","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-1930-9","article-title":"The \u201cLung Pulse\u201d: An Early Ultrasound Sign of Complete Atelectasis","volume":"29","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2079-y","article-title":"Sonographic Diagnosis of Pneumothorax","volume":"37","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.07.032","article-title":"Absence of Lung Sliding Is Not a Reliable Sign of Pneumothorax in Patients with High Positive End-Expiratory Pressure","volume":"34","author":"Markota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2015.3.24809","article-title":"Bleb Point: Mimicker of Pneumothorax in Bullous Lung Disease","volume":"16","author":"Gelabert","year":"2015","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000627","article-title":"The \u201cLung Point\u201d: An Ultrasound Sign Specific to Pneumothorax","volume":"26","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"400","article-title":"Lung Pulse Visualized through Pleural Effusion as a Diagnostic Sign of Complete Obstructive Atelectasis of the Left Lung in a Critical Patient with Respiratory Failure","volume":"67","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Anestesiol. Reanim."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.5.1345","article-title":"A Bedside Ultrasound Sign Ruling Out Pneumothorax in the Critically III: Lung Sliding","volume":"108","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2005.05.005","article-title":"A Prospective Comparison of Supine Chest Radiography and Bedside Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Traumatic Pneumothorax","volume":"12","author":"Blaivas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000133565.88871.E4","article-title":"Hand-Held Thoracic Sonography for Detecting Post-Traumatic Pneumothoraces: The Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (EFAST)","volume":"57","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3402-9","article-title":"Semi-Quantification of Pneumothorax Volume by Lung Ultrasound","volume":"40","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1445","article-title":"Using Thoracic Ultrasonography to Accurately Assess Pneumothorax Progression during Positive Pressure Ventilation: A Comparison with CT Scanning","volume":"143","author":"Oveland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000164542.86954.B4","article-title":"Ultrasound Diagnosis of Occult Pneumothorax","volume":"33","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200102000-00003","article-title":"Prospective Evaluation of Thoracic Ultrasound in the Detection of Pneumothorax","volume":"50","author":"Dulchavsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Volpicelli, G., and Gargani, L. (2017). Chest Sonography, Springer. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noble, V.E., Lamhaut, L., Capp, R., Bosson, N., Liteplo, A., Marx, J.S., and Carli, P. (2009). Evaluation of a Thoracic Ultrasound Training Module for the Detection of Pneumothorax and Pulmonary Edema by Prehospital Physician Care Providers. BMC Med. Educ., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-9-3"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00347.x","article-title":"Emergency Thoracic Ultrasound in the Differentiation of the Etiology of Shortness of Breath (ETUDES): Sonographic B-Lines and N-Terminal pro-Brain-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Diagnosing Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"16","author":"Liteplo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7120-4-34","article-title":"Evaluation of Ultrasound Lung Comets by Hand-Held Echocardiography","volume":"4","author":"Bedetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838479","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.838479","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Lung Ultrasound in Aortic Stenosis","volume":"13","author":"Gargani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0001","article-title":"A-Lines and B-Lines: Lung Ultrasound as a Bedside Tool for Predicting Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure in the Critically Ill","volume":"136","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7120-6-16","article-title":"Chest Sonography: A Useful Tool to Differentiate Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Copetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2003.22.2.173","article-title":"Transthoracic Sonography of Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease: The Role of Comet Tail Artifacts","volume":"22","author":"Kroegel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0435","article-title":"Can Chest Ultrasonography Replace Standard Chest Radiography for Evaluation of Acute Dyspnea in the ED?","volume":"139","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050771","article-title":"A Lung Ultrasound Sign Allowing Bedside Distinction between Pulmonary Edema and COPD: The Comet-Tail Artifact","volume":"24","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1159\/000074195","article-title":"Transthoracic Ultrasound of Lung and Pleura in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism: A Novel Non-Invasive Bedside Approach","volume":"70","author":"Reissig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Jiang, L., Xi, X., Jiang, Q., Zhu, B., Wang, M., Xing, J., and Zhang, D. (2015). Prognostic Value of Extravascular Lung Water Assessed with Lung Ultrasound Score by Chest Sonography in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. BMC Pulm. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-015-0091-2"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b08cdb","article-title":"Ultrasound Assessment of Antibiotic-Induced Pulmonary Reaeration in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia","volume":"38","author":"Bouhemad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4941-7","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound for Daily Monitoring of ARDS Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Preliminary Experience","volume":"44","author":"Mongodi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treml, B., Breitkopf, R., Bukumiri\u0107, Z., Bachler, M., Boesch, J., and Rajsic, S. (2022). ECMO Predictors of Mortality: A 10-Year Referral Centre Experience. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051224"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003340","article-title":"Assessment of Lung Aeration and Recruitment by CT Scan and Ultrasound in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients","volume":"46","author":"Chiumello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5668","article-title":"Clinical Review: Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Critical Care Practice","volume":"11","author":"Bouhemad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003377","article-title":"Where Did the Gas Go? Recruitment Versus Aeration","volume":"46","author":"Baumgardner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.S., Han, J., Chung, M.P., and Jeong, Y.J. (2014). Radiology Illustrated: Chest Radiology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37096-0"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1531","article-title":"Thoracic Ultrasound for Diagnosing Pulmonary Embolism: A Prospective Multicenter Study of 352 Patients","volume":"128","author":"Mathis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-5629(95)02003-9","article-title":"Ultrasound Imaging of Pneumonia","volume":"21","author":"Gehmacher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1087","article-title":"Accuracy of Point-of-Care Multiorgan Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism","volume":"145","author":"Nazerian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2281","article-title":"The Dynamic Air Bronchogram. A Lung Ultrasound Sign of Alveolar Consolidation Ruling out Atelectasis","volume":"135","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.101584","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound Is an Accurate Diagnostic Tool for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in the Emergency Department","volume":"29","author":"Cortellaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0364","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Follow-up of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Prospective, Multicenter, Diagnostic Accuracy Study","volume":"142","author":"Reissig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2015.12.012","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound for Early Diagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia","volume":"149","author":"Mongodi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treml, B., Rajsic, S., Diwo, F., Hell, T., and Hochhold, C. (2021). Small Drainage Volumes of Pleural Effusions Are Associated with Complications in Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112453"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.159.4.1529829","article-title":"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Use of Chest Sonography: Value in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"159","author":"Yu","year":"1992","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050988","article-title":"Feasibility and Safety of Ultrasound-Aided Thoracentesis in Mechanically Ventilated Patients","volume":"25","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-0024-2","article-title":"Ultrasound Estimation of Volume of Pleural Fluid in Mechanically Ventilated Patients","volume":"32","author":"Balik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000171532.02639.08","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Pleural Effusion in Critically Ill Patients by Means of Ultrasonography","volume":"33","author":"Vignon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.1.224","article-title":"Usefulness of Ultrasonography in Predicting Pleural Effusions > 500 ML in Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"127","author":"Roch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-017-0266-1","article-title":"Validation of Equations for Pleural Effusion Volume Estimation by Ultrasonography","volume":"20","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.191.3.8184046","article-title":"Quantification of Pleural Effusions: Sonography versus Radiography","volume":"191","author":"Eibenberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200401000-00006","article-title":"Comparative Diagnostic Performances of Auscultation, Chest Radiography, and Lung Ultrasonography in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.159.1.1609716","article-title":"Value of Sonography in Determining the Nature of Pleural Effusion: Analysis of 320 Cases","volume":"159","author":"Yang","year":"1992","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200307000-00007","article-title":"Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Management of Pleural Disease","volume":"9","author":"Tsai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870190206","article-title":"Pleural Effusion: An \u201cAcoustic Window\u201d for Sonography of Pleural Metastases","volume":"19","author":"Goerg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.100545","article-title":"Thoracic Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Malignant Pleural Effusion","volume":"64","author":"Qureshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.1.129","article-title":"Echogenic Swirling Pattern as a Predictor of Malignant Pleural Effusions in Patients with Malignancies","volume":"126","author":"Chian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E51","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.322115127","article-title":"Imaging of the Diaphragm: Anatomy and Function","volume":"32","author":"Nason","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.10.004","article-title":"Ultrasound M-Mode Assessment of Diaphragmatic Kinetics by Anterior Transverse Scanning in Healthy Subjects","volume":"37","author":"Testa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.02005.x","article-title":"Diaphragm and Peripheral Muscle Thickness on Ultrasound: Intra-Rater Reliability and Variability of a Methodology Using Non-Standard Recumbent Positions","volume":"16","author":"Baldwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182266408","article-title":"Diaphragm Dysfunction Assessed by Ultrasonography: Influence on Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066615583639","article-title":"Ultrasonography for Screening and Follow-Up of Diaphragmatic Dysfunction in the ICU: A Pilot Study","volume":"31","author":"Mariani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/2036-7902-6-8","article-title":"Diaphragm Ultrasound as a New Index of Discontinuation from Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"6","author":"Ferrari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Ultrasound J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2547-7","article-title":"Diaphragm Ultrasonography to Estimate the Work of Breathing during Non-Invasive Ventilation","volume":"38","author":"Vivier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0894-9","article-title":"Diaphragm Ultrasound as Indicator of Respiratory Effort in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Assisted Mechanical Ventilation: A Pilot Clinical Study","volume":"19","author":"Umbrello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201004-0670OC","article-title":"Rapidly Progressive Diaphragmatic Weakness and Injury during Mechanical Ventilation in Humans","volume":"183","author":"Jaber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201602-0367OC","article-title":"Coexistence and Impact of Limb Muscle and Diaphragm Weakness at Time of Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation in Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients","volume":"195","author":"Dres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)82987-3","article-title":"Comparison of Ultrasound with Fluoroscopy in the Assessment of Suspected Hemidiaphragmatic Movement Abnormality","volume":"50","author":"Houston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4125-2","article-title":"Diaphragmatic Dysfunction in Patients with ICU-Acquired Weakness and Its Impact on Extubation Failure","volume":"42","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204111","article-title":"Diaphragm Ultrasound as a Predictor of Successful Extubation from Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"69","author":"Dinino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)32912-3","article-title":"Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Liver\/Spleen Movements and Extubation Outcome","volume":"126","author":"Jiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199612000-00020","article-title":"Ultrasound Guidance for Placement of Central Venous Catheters: A Meta-Analysis of the Literature","volume":"24","author":"Randolph","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-014-0301-z","article-title":"Transtracheal Ultrasound for Verification of Endotracheal Tube Placement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"62","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.07.004","article-title":"Pilot Study to Evaluate the Accuracy of Ultrasonography in Confirming Endotracheal Tube Placement","volume":"49","author":"Werner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2005.08.014","article-title":"Confirmation of Endotracheal Tube Placement after Intubation Using the Ultrasound Sliding Lung Sign","volume":"13","author":"Weaver","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00002004","article-title":"Where\u2019s the Tube? Evaluation of Hand-Held Ultrasound in Confirming Endotracheal Tube Placement","volume":"19","author":"Chun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prehosp. Disaster. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ariff, S., Ali, K.Q., Tessaro, M.O., Ansari, U., Morris, S., Soofi, S.B., and Merali, H.S. (2022). Diagnostic Accuracy of Point-of-Care Ultrasound Compared to Standard-of-Care Methods for Endotracheal Tube Placement in Neonates. Pediatr. Pulmonol., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.164293941.14529002\/v1"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.3.1059","article-title":"Safety of Ultrasound-Guided Thoracentesis in Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"125","author":"Mayo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-12-139","article-title":"Ultrasound Guidance Reduces Pneumothorax Rate and Improves Safety of Thoracentesis in Malignant Pleural Effusion: Report on 445 Consecutive Patients with Advanced Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Cavanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.548","article-title":"Pneumothorax Following Thoracentesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"170","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0447","article-title":"Ultrasound Guidance Decreases Complications and Improves the Cost of Care among Patients Undergoing Thoracentesis and Paracentesis","volume":"143","author":"Mercaldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.2.436","article-title":"Accuracy of Pleural Puncture Sites: A Prospective Comparison of Clinical Examination with Ultrasound","volume":"123","author":"Diacon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676524","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/676524","article-title":"Ultrasound for the Detection of Pleural Effusions and Guidance of the Thoracentesis Procedure","volume":"2012","author":"Sikora","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0348","article-title":"Thoracic Ultrasonography for the Pulmonary Specialist","volume":"140","author":"Koenig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066618755334","article-title":"Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Gobatto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-019-00230-7","article-title":"A Network Comparative Meta-Analysis of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomies Using Anatomic Landmarks, Bronchoscopic, and Ultrasound Guidance Versus Open Surgical Tracheostomy","volume":"197","author":"Iftikhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14448","article-title":"Comparison of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy Guided by Ultrasound and Bronchoscopy in Critically Ill Obese Patients","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9259-z","article-title":"Bedside Ultrasound Screening for Pretracheal Vascular Structures May Minimize the Risks of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy","volume":"11","author":"Flint","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10344","article-title":"Real-Time Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy","volume":"15","author":"Esteves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Wang, S., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zheng, C., Zheng, Y., Zhang, C., Min, W., Zhou, H., and Yu, M. (2020). A Preliminary Study on the Ultrasonic Manifestations of Peripulmonary Lesions of Non-Critical Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19). SSRN Electron. J.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3544750"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"2776","article-title":"Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound Findings in Novel Coronavirus Disease-19 Pnemoniae: A Case Report and Potential Applications during COVID-19 Outbreak","volume":"24","author":"Buonsenso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200847","article-title":"Can Lung US Help Critical Care Clinicians in the Early Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia?","volume":"295","author":"Poggiali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-020-00171-w","article-title":"Sonographic Signs and Patterns of COVID-19 Pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0280","article-title":"Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound Findings in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia","volume":"102","author":"Yasukawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12194","article-title":"The Role of Lung Ultrasonography in COVID-19 Disease Management","volume":"1","author":"Boero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Emerg. Physicians Open"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-021-00250-6","article-title":"Empowering the Willing: The Feasibility of Tele-Mentored Self-Performed Pleural Ultrasound Assessment for the Surveillance of Lung Health","volume":"14","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound J."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2305","article-title":"American College of Chest Physicians\/La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de R\u00e9animation de Langue Fran\u00e7aise Statement on Competence in Critical Care Ultrasonography","volume":"135","author":"Mayo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2246-9","article-title":"International Expert Statement on Training Standards for Critical Care Ultrasonography","volume":"37","author":"Cholley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.08.859","article-title":"Critical care ultrasonography use at academic training programs: A survey of critical care program directors","volume":"156","author":"Chulani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.08.806","article-title":"Critical care ultrasonography use at academic training programs: A survey of critical care fellows","volume":"156","author":"Chulani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-018-0103-6","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound Training: A Systematic Review of Published Literature in Clinical Lung Ultrasound Training","volume":"10","author":"Pietersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Ultrasound J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10194","article-title":"Use of Lung Ultrasonography in the Detection of Pneumothorax among Medical Students and Emergency Physician","volume":"15","author":"Flato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1531-3","article-title":"Results of Short-Term Training of Na\u00efve Physicians in Focused General Ultrasonography in an Intensive-Care Unit","volume":"35","author":"Baudel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-017-0081-0","article-title":"The Assessment of Competency in Thoracic Sonography (ACTS) Scale: Validation of a Tool for Point-of-Care Ultrasound","volume":"9","author":"Millington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Ultrasound J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.2.9016251","article-title":"Sonography Machines as a Source of Infection","volume":"168","author":"Tesch","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.164.6.7754907","article-title":"Can Ultrasound Probes and Coupling Gel Be a Source of Nosocomial Infection in Patients Undergoing Sonography? An in Vivo and in Vitro Study","volume":"164","author":"Muradali","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3466","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2021.3094849","article-title":"Deep Learning for Ultrasound Image Formation: CUBDL Evaluation Framework and Open Datasets","volume":"68","author":"Hyun","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.2994459","article-title":"Deep Learning for Classification and Localization of COVID-19 Markers in Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound","volume":"39","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2936151","article-title":"Localizing B-Lines in Lung Ultrasonography by Weakly Supervised Deep Learning, In-Vivo Results","volume":"24","author":"Demi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2020.3002249","article-title":"Automated Lung Ultrasound B-Line Assessment Using a Deep Learning Algorithm","volume":"67","author":"Baloescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31875-4","article-title":"Guiding Ultrasound Image Capture with Artificial Intelligence","volume":"396","author":"Muse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0586-1107","article-title":"The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for the Clinical Practice of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Non-Hepatic Applications: Update 2017 (Long Version)","volume":"39","author":"Sidhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jus.2008.05.008","article-title":"Contrast Enhanced Ultrasonography (CEUS) in Peripheral Lung Lesions: A Study of 60 Cases","volume":"11","author":"Caremani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v5.i10.372","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in Peripheral Lung Consolidations: What\u2019s Its Actual Role?","volume":"5","author":"Sartori","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15338","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Patients With COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"Soldati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06085-4","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) of the Lung Reveals Multiple Areas of Microthrombi in a COVID-19 Patient","volume":"46","author":"Tee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/6\/1405\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:25:08Z","timestamp":1760138708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/6\/1405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12061405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12061405","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]}}}