{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:10:06Z","timestamp":1782173406044,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Belgian University Cooperation","award":["PRD2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRD2013"]}]},{"name":"\u201cLes amis des Instituts Pasteur \u00e0 Bruxelles\u201d in Belgium","award":["PRD2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRD2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Onchocerciasis is a Neglected Tropical Disease that has a significant socioeconomic impact, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Numerous reports indicate that the Expanded Special Project for the Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases needs novel diagnostic tools before achieving its goal of successful elimination of onchocerciasis in Africa. The current diagnostic tests are either invasive, insensitive, or not applicable in the field and about 25% of persons infected cannot mount immune responses against the single antigen used in the only approved Ov-16 serological test. In the quest to identify novel biomarkers that can be used to certify that a patient is free from the disease, evaluate the progress of elimination programmes, and conduct post elimination surveillances, mass spectrometric analysis of Onchocerca volvulus crude extract revealed that 1392 proteins are expressed in the adult and microfilariae stages of the parasite. Computational analysis predicted six of the proteins as O. volvulus potential diagnostic targets. Linear B-epitopes were predicted from the six proteins and used to construct a multiepitope antigen (OvMCBL02). Serological analysis revealed that the OvMCBL02 test significantly differentiated between serum samples of onchocerciasis patients from the Kombone Health Area in the South West Region of Cameroon (n = 63) and control serum samples from Rwanda (n = 29) and Europe (n = 26) as well as between serum samples from the onchocerciasis hyperendemic region of Kombone Health Area (n = 63) and the hypoendemic region of Bandjoun Health District (n = 54). Interestingly, the test did not cross-react with serum samples from patients suffering from related nematode infections, thereby suggesting that further characterization of the OvMCBL02 multiepitope antigen will render it an additional member of the diagnostic toolbox for the elimination of onchocerciasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12061440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T09:33:26Z","timestamp":1654940006000},"page":"1440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Immunoinformatics Design and Assessment of a Multiepitope Antigen (OvMCBL02) for Onchocerciasis Diagnosis and Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bernis Neneyoh","family":"Yengo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0182-8662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cabirou Mounchili","family":"Shintouo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3356-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An","family":"Hotterbeekx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ntang Emmaculate","family":"Yaah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0146-3894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Adamu","family":"Shey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jusal","family":"Quanico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Baggerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Ayong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 1274, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Vanhamme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Gosselies Campus, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8853-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rose","family":"Njemini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1526-4431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Souopgui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Gosselies Campus, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Colebunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3459-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen Mbigha","family":"Ghogomu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2022, March 04). Onchocerciasis Key Facts Geneva 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/onchocerciasis#:~:text=Key%20facts,the%20parasitic%20worm%20Onchocerca%20volvulus.&text=Symptoms%20include%20severe%20itching%2C%20disfiguring,live%20in%2031%20African%20countries."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1468-7","article-title":"Onchocerciasis, an Undiagnosed Disease in Mozambique: Identifying Research Opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Noormahomed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melchers, N.V.S.V., Stolk, W.A., van Loon, W., Pedrique, B., Bakker, R., Murdoch, M.E., de Vlas, S.J., and Coffeng, L.E. (2021). 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