{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T10:46:26Z","timestamp":1792752386535,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001503","name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Outreach Programme on Zoonotic Diseases"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Outreach Programme on Zoonotic Diseases"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001503","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a spirochaetal infection that possesses a broad host range affecting almost all mammals. In the present study, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was compared with recombinant LigA\/B antigen-based point-of-care diagnostics such as the in-house IgM dot ELISA dipstick test (IgM- DEDT) and the latex agglutination test (LAT) for the serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. The comparison of the MAT with these two point\u2013of-care diagnostics was performed using the MAT as the gold standard test and using Bayesian latent class modelling (BLCM), which considers all diagnostic tests as imperfect. The N-terminal conserved region of the LigA\/B protein spanning the first to fifth big tandem repeat domains (rLigA\/BCon1-5) was employed as a serodiagnostic marker in both of the bedside assays. A total of 340 serum samples collected from humans involved in high risk occupations were screened using the MAT, IgM DEDT and LAT. During the early phase of leptospirosis, BLCM analysis showed that the IgM DEDT and LAT had similar sensitivities (99.6 (96.0\u2013100)) and (99.5 (95.2\u2013100)), respectively, while the single acute phase MAT had the lowest sensitivity (83.3 (72.8\u201391.3)). Both the IgM DEDT and the LAT may be superior to the single acute phase MAT in terms of sensitivity during the early phase of infection and may be suitable for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis. However, BLCM analysis revealed that the use of both acute and convalescent samples substantially increased the sensitivity of the final MAT (98.2% (93.0\u201399.8%)) as a test to diagnose human leptospirosis. Both the IgM DEDT and LAT can be employed as bedside spot tests in remote locations where the MAT is not easily accessible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12061455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T22:00:38Z","timestamp":1655157638000},"page":"1455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Diagnosis of Human Leptospirosis: Comparison of Microscopic Agglutination Test with Recombinant LigA\/B Antigen-Based In-House IgM Dot ELISA Dipstick Test and Latex Agglutination Test Using Bayesian Latent Class Model and MAT as Gold Standard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sujit Kumar","family":"Behera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thankappan","family":"Sabarinath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balasubramanian","family":"Ganesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8595-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasanta Kumar K.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus (RGSC), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Mirzapur 231001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6972-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshan","family":"Niloofa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 00700, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2346-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuppusamy","family":"Senthilkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Research Lab, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600051, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Med Ram","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Economics and Statistics Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Bareilly 243122, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2183-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Hota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi 761211, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanmugam","family":"Chandrasekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Mukteswar 263138, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosef","family":"Deneke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Director General (ICAR), Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muruganandam","family":"Nagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair 744103, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepanker","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasmita","family":"Khatua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack 753007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhakrishna","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AVAS, Saraskana, Mayurbhanj 757051, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Atif","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","article-title":"Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"Bharti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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