{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:48:49Z","timestamp":1791452929512,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>False negative (FN) results in cervical cancer (CC) screening pose serious risks to women. We present a comprehensive literature review on the risks and reasons of obtaining the FN results of primary CC screening tests and triage methods and discuss their clinical and public health impact and implications. Misinterpretation or true lack of abnormalities on a slide are the reasons of FN results in cytology and p16\/Ki-67 dual-staining. For high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) molecular tests, those include: truly non-HPV-associated tumors, lesions driven by low-risk HPV types, and clearance of HPV genetic material before sampling. Imprecise disease threshold definition lead to FN results in visual inspection with acetic acid. Lesions with a discrete colposcopic appearance are a source of FN in colposcopic procedures. For FAM19A4 and hsa-miR124-2 genes methylation, those may originate from borderline methylation levels. Histological misinterpretation, sampling, and laboratory errors also play a role in all types of CC screening, as well as reproducibility issue, especially in methods based on human-eye evaluation. Primary HPV-based screening combined with high quality-assured immunocytochemical and molecular triage methods seem to be an optimal approach. Colposcopy with histological evaluation remains the gold standard for diagnosis but requires quality protocols and assurance measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12061508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T01:43:27Z","timestamp":1655775807000},"page":"1508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["False Negative Results in Cervical Cancer Screening\u2014Risks, Reasons and Implications for Clinical Practice and Public Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4279-5441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Macios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka Street 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Nowakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Prevention, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgen Street 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wilson, J.M.G., and Jungner, G. (2022, May 30). Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/37650."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-63749-1_7","article-title":"Harms and Benefits of Cancer Screening","volume":"218","author":"Robra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Recent Results Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2015.05.009","article-title":"Principles of Cancer Screening","volume":"95","author":"Pinsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc798","article-title":"Papillomaviruses and cancer: From basic studies to clinical application","volume":"2","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board (2020). Female Genital Tumours, WHO Classification of Tumours, International Agency for Research on Cancer. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2006.01.020","article-title":"Human papillomavirus-type persistence patterns predict the clinical outcome of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"102","author":"Brummer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq562","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Testing in the Prevention of Cervical Cancer","volume":"103","author":"Schiffman","year":"2011","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61416-0","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"370","author":"Schiffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1763","article-title":"Natural history of established low grade cervical intraepithelial (CIN 1) lesions","volume":"28","author":"Bansal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601196","article-title":"HPV infection and number of lifetime sexual partners are strong predictors for \u2018natural\u2019 regression of CIN 2 and 3","volume":"89","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000525","article-title":"2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors","volume":"24","author":"Perkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1159\/000497286","article-title":"Spontaneous Regression of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2: A Meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"CD001318","article-title":"Surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"6","author":"Paraskevaidis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.1926","article-title":"HPV presence precedes abnormal cytology in women developing cervical cancer and signals false negative smears","volume":"85","author":"Zielinski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911253412201","article-title":"Type-Specific Persistence of Human Papillomavirus DNA before the Development of Invasive Cervical Cancer","volume":"341","author":"Wallin","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"727","article-title":"Natural history of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions: A meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Melnikow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31043","article-title":"Status of implementation and organization of cancer screening in The European Union Member States\u2014Summary results from the second European screening report","volume":"142","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chrysostomou, A.C., Stylianou, D.C., Constantinidou, A., and Kostrikis, L.G. (2018). Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Europe: The Transition Towards HPV Vaccination and Population-Based HPV Testing. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10120729"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102002","article-title":"European trends in cervical cancer mortality in relation to national screening programs, 1985\u20132014","volume":"74","author":"Salciccioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Anttila, A., Arbyn, M., De Vuyst, H., Dillner, J., Dillner, L., Franceschi, S., Patnik, J., Ronco, G., Segnan, N., and Suinio, E. (2008). European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening, International Agency for Research on Cancer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(81)90067-6","article-title":"Papillomavirus infections and human genital cancer","volume":"12","author":"Hausen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(09)70002-2","article-title":"History of the use of HPV testing in cervical screening and in the management of abnormal cervical screening results","volume":"45","author":"Cox","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<12::AID-PATH431>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide","volume":"189","author":"Walboomers","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"CD008587","article-title":"Cytology versus HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in the general population","volume":"8","author":"Koliopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO) (2013). Guidelines for Screening and Treatment of Precancerous Lesions for Cervical Cancer Prevention: WHO Guidelines, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/cancers\/screening_and_treatment_of_precancerous_lesions\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"V04210327","article-title":"Phased implementation of HPV-based cervicval cancer screening in Denmark","volume":"184","author":"Bonde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ugeskr Laeger."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31976","article-title":"Evaluation of a validated methylation triage signature for human papillomavirus positive women in the HPV FOCAL cervical cancer screening trial","volume":"144","author":"Cook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026292","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026292","article-title":"Impact of screening on cervical cancer incidence in England: A time trend analysis","volume":"9","author":"Pesola","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23276","article-title":"Mass screening programmes and trends in cervical cancer in Finland and the Netherlands","volume":"122","author":"Pukkala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67961-0","article-title":"Effect of study design and quality on unsatisfactory rates, cytology classifications, and accuracy in liquid-based versus conventional cervical cytology: A systematic review","volume":"367","author":"Davey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000331543","article-title":"Increased Detection of Epithelial Cell Abnormalities by Liquid-Based Gynecologic Cytology Preparations","volume":"42","author":"Austin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11673","article-title":"Liquid-based cervical cytology","volume":"99","author":"Klinkhamer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1159\/000333971","article-title":"Conventional Cervical Cytologic Smears vs. ThinPrep Smears. A paired comparison study on cervical cytology","volume":"40","author":"Ferenczy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21434","article-title":"Direct comparison of liquid-based and conventional cytology in a South African screening trial","volume":"118","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000296488.85807.b3","article-title":"Liquid Compared with Conventional Cervical Cytology","volume":"111","author":"Arbyn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-10-200005160-00009","article-title":"Accuracy of the Papanicolaou Test in Screening for and Follow-up of Cervical Cytologic Abnormalities: A systematic review","volume":"132","author":"Nanda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasc.2017.03.003","article-title":"Bethesda Interobserver Reproducibility Study-2 (BIRST-2): Bethesda System 2014","volume":"6","author":"Kurtycz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.07.024","article-title":"Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the accuracy of HPV tests, visual inspection with acetic acid, cytology, and colposcopy","volume":"132","author":"Mustafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2021, May 12). Cervical Cancer Screening: Invasive Cervical Cancer Audit 2013 to 2016, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/cervical-screening-invasive-cervical-cancer-audit-2013-to-2016\/audit-report."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02511.x","article-title":"Invasive cervical cancer audit: Why cancers developed in a high-risk population with an organised screening programme","volume":"117","author":"Herbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/09691413211062344","article-title":"Interval cancer audit and disclosure in cervical screening programmes: An international survey","volume":"29","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Screen."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70013-3","article-title":"Cytopathology of false negatives preceding cervical carcinoma","volume":"175","author":"DeMay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349609033339","article-title":"The cytological screening history of 469 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri; does interval carcinoma exist?","volume":"75","author":"Kenter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2006.045948","article-title":"High-risk human papillomavirus is present in cytologically false-negative smears: An analysis of \u201cnormal\u201d smears preceding CIN2\/3","volume":"61","author":"Bulk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.5114\/pjp.2021.112832","article-title":"Why are Polish women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer after negative cytology in the organized screening programme\u2014A pilot reevaluation of negative Pap smears preceding diagnoses of interval cancers","volume":"72","author":"Komerska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2391","article-title":"Falsk negative cervixcytologiske pr\u00f8ver i et dansk materiale [False negative Pap smears in a Danish material]","volume":"165","author":"Ejersbo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ugeskr Laeger."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/01443619209029905","article-title":"Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Andersen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2010.09.021","article-title":"Screening history in women with cervical cancer in a Danish population-based screening program","volume":"120","author":"Kirschner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0094-OA","article-title":"The Role of Proficiency Testing in Ensuring Quality: Findings from the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytopathology Quality Consensus Conference Working Group 3","volume":"137","author":"Howell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2303.1998.00155.x","article-title":"A case-control study of true-positive versus false-negative cervical smears in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III","volume":"9","author":"Chapman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"337","article-title":"High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive carcinoma following the report of three negative Papanicolaou smears: Screening failures or rapid progression?","volume":"5","author":"Sherman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"292","article-title":"Characteristics of false-negative ThinPrep cervical smears in women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions","volume":"14","author":"Leung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1159\/000381842","article-title":"The Pap Test and Bethesda 2014","volume":"59","author":"Nayar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20600","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix: Screening and diagnostic errors in Papanicolaou smears","volume":"102","author":"Ruba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10313","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma of the cervix","volume":"96","author":"Schoolland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)90814-1","article-title":"Rapid onset of cervical cancer in an upper socioeconomic group","volume":"146","author":"Bain","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30152","article-title":"Is cervical screening preventing adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix?","volume":"139","author":"Castanon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70256-5","article-title":"Risk factors for rapid-onset cervical cancer","volume":"180","author":"Hildesheim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601754","article-title":"Lower protection of cytological screening for adenocarcinomas and shorter protection for younger women: The results of a case-control study in Florence","volume":"90","author":"Zappa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.172","article-title":"Cervical cytology reported as negative and risk of adenocarcinoma of the cervix: No strong evidence of benefit","volume":"71","author":"Mitchell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3857","article-title":"Risk factors of cervical cancer after a negative cytological diagnosis in Polish cervical cancer screening programme","volume":"10","author":"Macios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32416","article-title":"Cervical cancer case\u2013control audit: Results from routine evaluation of a nationwide cervical screening program","volume":"146","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2000.5826","article-title":"The Rising Incidence of Adenocarcinoma Relative to Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix in the United States\u2014A 24-Year Population-Based Study","volume":"78","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-553","article-title":"Estimate of the global burden of cervical adenocarcinoma and potential impact of prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccination","volume":"13","author":"Pimenta","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010225)93:1<8::AID-CNCR9001>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Papanicolaou smear sensitivity for the detection of adenocarcinoma of the cervix: A study of 49 cases","volume":"93","author":"Krane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11826","article-title":"Glandular cell atypia on Papanicolaou smears","volume":"99","author":"Simsir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13790","article-title":"Atypical glandular lesions of the cervix and risk of cervical cancer","volume":"99","author":"Graue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.03.035","article-title":"Glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix: A literature review","volume":"179","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tempfer, C.B., Tischoff, I., Dogan, A., Hilal, Z., Schultheis, B., Kern, P., and Rezniczek, G.A. (2018). Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: A systematic review of the literature. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4447-x"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.11.1500","article-title":"Interobserver Reproducibility of Cervical Cytologic and Histologic InterpretationsRealistic Estimates from the ASCUS-LSIL Triage Study","volume":"285","author":"Stoler","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8rbye, S.W., Suhrke, P., Rev\u00e5, B.W., Berland, J., Maurseth, R.J., and Al-Shibli, K. (2017). Accuracy of cervical cytology: Comparison of diagnoses of 100 Pap smears read by four pathologists at three hospitals in Norway. BMC Clin. Pathol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12907-017-0058-8"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28514","article-title":"Interlaboratory variation in the performance of liquid-based cytology: Insights from the ATHENA trial","volume":"134","author":"Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70096-8","article-title":"A review of human carcinogens\u2014Part B: Biological agents","volume":"10","author":"Bouvard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2007). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 90: Human Papillomaviruses, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/publications.iarc.fr\/108."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106399","article-title":"HPV vaccination introduction worldwide and WHO and UNICEF estimates of national HPV immunization coverage 2010\u20132019","volume":"144","author":"Bruni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1548282","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of prophylactic HPV vaccines. A Cochrane review of randomized trials","volume":"17","author":"Arbyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30298-3","article-title":"Population-level impact and herd effects following the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"394","author":"Drolet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.06.039","article-title":"Adverse events following HPV vaccination: 11 years of surveillance in Australia","volume":"38","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2020.100203","article-title":"Long-term immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety of nine-valent human papillomavirus vaccine in girls and boys 9 to 15 years of age: Interim analysis after 8 years of follow-up","volume":"10","author":"Olsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Papillomavirus Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100401","article-title":"Final analysis of a 14-year long-term follow-up study of the effectiveness and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in women from four nordic countries","volume":"23","author":"Kjaer","year":"2020","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4424","article-title":"Are 20 human papillomavirus types causing cervical cancer?","volume":"234","author":"Arbyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji014","article-title":"A Study of the Impact of Adding HPV Types to Cervical Cancer Screening and Triage Tests","volume":"97","author":"Schiffman","year":"2005","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1309\/RNF3C01JKADQCLKP","article-title":"The Expanded Use of HPV Testing in Gynecologic Practice per ASCCP-Guided Management Requires the Use of Well-Validated Assays","volume":"127","author":"Stoler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24010","article-title":"Guidelines for human papillomavirus DNA test requirements for primary cervical cancer screening in women 30 years and older","volume":"124","author":"Meijer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.033","article-title":"Commercially available molecular tests for human papillomaviruses: A global overview","volume":"26","author":"Poljak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2005.02.002","article-title":"Role of human papillomavirus in the carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix","volume":"19","author":"Tjalma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000501)86:3<429::AID-IJC20>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"International trends in incidence of cervical cancer: II. Squamous-cell carcinoma","volume":"86","author":"Vizcaino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25396","article-title":"Human papillomavirus type distribution in 30,848 invasive cervical cancers worldwide: Variation by geographical region, histological type and year of publication","volume":"128","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0356-RA","article-title":"Cervical Adenocarcinoma: Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus\u2013Positive and Human Papillomavirus\u2013Negative Tumors","volume":"141","author":"Pirog","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-009-9422-z","article-title":"Human papillomavirus type-distribution in cervical cancer in China: The importance of HPV 16 and 18","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27713","article-title":"Differences in human papillomavirus type distribution in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer in Europe","volume":"132","author":"Tjalma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29651","article-title":"Human papillomavirus prevalence and type-distribution in cervical glandular neoplasias: Results from a E uropean multinational epidemiological study","volume":"137","author":"Holl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2014.55","article-title":"HPV prevalence and genotypes in different histological subtypes of cervical adenocarcinoma, a worldwide analysis of 760 cases","volume":"27","author":"Pirog","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2014.02.040","article-title":"Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in endometrial cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"134","author":"Olesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000986","article-title":"International Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Criteria and Classification (IECC) for Invasive Adenocarcinomas of the Endocervix","volume":"42","author":"Stolnicu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2018.10.001","article-title":"Single type infection of human papillomavirus as a cause for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer in Japan","volume":"6","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Papillomavirus Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13071","article-title":"HPV-negative carcinoma of the uterine cervix: A distinct type of cervical cancer with poor prognosis","volume":"122","author":"Soveral","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0000000000000612","article-title":"HPV-negative Tumors in a Swedish Cohort of Cervical Cancer","volume":"39","author":"Kaliff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92693-C","article-title":"Association between poor prognosis in early-stage invasive cervical carcinomas and non-detection of HPV DNA","volume":"335","author":"Riou","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67063-8","article-title":"Endometrial cancer","volume":"366","author":"Amant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv086","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv086","article-title":"US Assessment of HPV Types in Cancers: Implications for Current and 9-Valent HPV Vaccines","volume":"107","author":"Saraiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2017). Integrated genomic and molecular characterization of cervical cancer. Nature, 543, 378\u2013384.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21386"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2017.10.003","article-title":"Surgical staging identified false HPV-negative cases in a large series of invasive cervical cancers","volume":"4","author":"Petry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Papillomavirus Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(03)00280-4","article-title":"Reproducibility of classification in non-squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix","volume":"90","author":"Alfsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001095","article-title":"International Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Criteria and Classification: Validation and Interobserver Reproducibility","volume":"43","author":"Hodgson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30032","article-title":"Evaluating HPV-negative CIN2+ in the ATHENA trial","volume":"138","author":"Petry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4405","article-title":"Pathogenic role of the eight probably\/possibly carcinogenic HPV types 26, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73 and 82 in cervical cancer","volume":"234","author":"Halec","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32315","article-title":"HPV73 a nonvaccine type causes cervical cancer","volume":"146","author":"Gradissimo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0640-OA","article-title":"Unexpected High Prevalence of HPV 90 Infection in an Underserved Population: Is It Really a Low-Risk Genotype?","volume":"137","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021641","article-title":"Epidemiologic Classification of Human Papillomavirus Types Associated with Cervical Cancer","volume":"348","author":"Bosch","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2020.188476","article-title":"A \u201chit-and-run\u201d affair\u2014A possible link for cancer progression in virally driven cancers","volume":"1875","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22081","article-title":"Distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer in Canada","volume":"83","author":"Ratnam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k4823","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4823","article-title":"Detecting cervical precancer and reaching underscreened women by using HPV testing on self samples: Updated meta-analyses","volume":"363","author":"Arbyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13064","article-title":"Performance analysis of high-throughput HPV testing on three automated workflows","volume":"128","author":"Loonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.10.012","article-title":"Accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical cancer screening","volume":"113","author":"Sauvaget","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23489","article-title":"Pooled analysis of the accuracy of five cervical cancer screening tests assessed in eleven studies in Africa and India","volume":"123","author":"Arbyn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-005-0296-4","article-title":"Screening test accuracy studies: How valid are our conclusions? Application to visual inspection methods for cervical screening","volume":"16","author":"Gaffikin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/01.lgt.0000192694.85549.3d","article-title":"Inflation of Sensitivity of Cervical Cancer Screening Tests Secondary to Correlated Error in Colposcopy","volume":"10","author":"Pretorius","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0b013e318280f395","article-title":"A Population-Based Study of Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) for Cervical Screening in Rural Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Ajenifuja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-1282","article-title":"Determinants of VIA (Visual Inspection of the Cervix After Acetic Acid Application) Positivity in Cervical Cancer Screening of Women in a Peri-Urban Area in Andhra Pradesh, India","volume":"19","author":"Vedantham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.01.012","article-title":"Training for cervical cancer prevention programs in low-resource settings: Focus on visual inspection with acetic acid and cryotherapy","volume":"89","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21050","article-title":"A cluster randomized controlled trial of visual, cytology and human papillomavirus screening for cancer of the cervix in rural India","volume":"116","author":"Sankaranarayanan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Blumenthal, P.D., and McIntosh, N. (2005). Cervical Cancer Prevention Guidelines for Low-Resource Settings, JHPIEGO. Available online: https:\/\/screening.iarc.fr\/doc\/CeCaPfullmanual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33879","article-title":"The development of \u201cautomated visual evaluation\u201d for cervical cancer screening: The promise and challenges in adapting deep-learning for clinical testing","volume":"150","author":"Desai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.09.006","article-title":"Primary HPV-based cervical cancer screening in Europe: Implementation status, challenges, and future plans","volume":"26","author":"Maver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362371","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.2020.0075","article-title":"Colposcopy Protocols 2020: A Summary of the Clinical Experts Consensus Guidelines of the Polish Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathophysiology and the Polish Society of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians","volume":"91","author":"Jach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000338","article-title":"ASCCP Colposcopy Standards: Role of Colposcopy, Benefits, Potential Harms, and Terminology for Colposcopic Practice","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"626","article-title":"Colposcopy for the diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesions: A meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Mitchell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08082.x","article-title":"A prospective follow up study of women with colposcopically unconfirmed positive cervical smears","volume":"106","author":"Milne","year":"1999","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000220505.18525.85","article-title":"Number of Cervical Biopsies and Sensitivity of Colposcopy","volume":"108","author":"Gage","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(03)00082-9","article-title":"Strength of correlations between colposcopic impression and biopsy histology","volume":"89","author":"Massad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03444.x","article-title":"Accuracy of colposcopy-directed punch biopsies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Underwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349709047830","article-title":"An analysis of the factors involved in the diagnostic accuracy of colposcopically directed biopsy","volume":"76","author":"Baldauf","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/00128360-200407000-00009","article-title":"Interobserver Variability of Colposcopic Interpretations and Consistency with Final Histologic Results","volume":"8","author":"Sideri","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"635","article-title":"Assessment of the cervix after acetic acid wash: Inter-rater agreement using photographs","volume":"99","author":"Sellors","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31816baed1","article-title":"National Institutes of Health\/American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (NIH\/ASCCP) Research Group Interobserver Agreement in the Assessment of Components of Colposcopic Grading","volume":"111","author":"Massad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000281665.63550.8f","article-title":"Interobserver Agreement in the Evaluation of Digitized Cervical Images","volume":"110","author":"Jeronimo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e3181fb4547","article-title":"Regardless of Skill, Performing More Biopsies Increases the Sensitivity of Colposcopy","volume":"15","author":"Pretorius","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"724","article-title":"The colposcopic impression. Is it influenced by the colposcopist\u2019s knowledge of the findings on the referral Papanicolaou smear?","volume":"46","author":"Pretorius","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31819308d4","article-title":"The Accuracy of Colposcopic Grading for Detection of High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia","volume":"13","author":"Massad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.07.007","article-title":"Does experience in colposcopy improve identification of high grade abnormalities?","volume":"141","author":"Bekkers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-0976.1999.08107.x","article-title":"The Agreement of Colposcopic Grading as Compared to Directed Biopsy Results","volume":"3","author":"Sheshadri","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(85)80244-1","article-title":"Genital warts and cervical cancer. An improved colposcopic index for differentiating benign papillomaviral infections from high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"153","author":"Reid","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318254f90c","article-title":"2011 Colposcopic Terminology of the International Federation for Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy","volume":"120","author":"Bornstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000336","article-title":"ASCCP Colposcopy Standards: How Do We Perform Colposcopy? Implications for Establishing Standards","volume":"21","author":"Waxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000458","article-title":"Relevance of Random Biopsy at the Transformation Zone When Colposcopy Is Negative","volume":"124","author":"Huh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1995.1100","article-title":"Association between Colposcopic Findings and Histology in Cervical Lesions: The Significance of the Size of the Lesion","volume":"57","author":"Kierkegaard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.02.065","article-title":"Colposcopically directed biopsy, random cervical biopsy, and endocervical curettage in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II or worse","volume":"191","author":"Pretorius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25470","article-title":"The accuracy of colposcopic biopsy: Analyses from the placebo arm of the Gardasil clinical trials","volume":"128","author":"Stoler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000124","article-title":"The Value of Endocervical Curettage in Addition to Biopsies in Women Referred to Colposcopy","volume":"19","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6675.707","article-title":"Observer variation in histopathological diagnosis and grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"298","author":"Ismail","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10054.x","article-title":"Inter- and intra-observer variation in the histopathological reporting of cervical squamous in traepithelial lesion susing a modified Bethesda grading system","volume":"105","author":"McCluggage","year":"1998","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-014-9877-4","article-title":"HPV-type distribution and reproducibility of histological diagnosis in cervical neoplasia in Poland","volume":"21","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2017.16","article-title":"Evaluation of p16\/Ki-67 dual-stained cytology as triage test for high-risk human papillomavirus-positive women","volume":"30","author":"Ebisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.4270","article-title":"Five-Year Risk of Cervical Precancer Following p16\/Ki-67 Dual-Stain Triage of HPV-Positive Women","volume":"5","author":"Clarke","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33812","article-title":"Clinical validation of p16\/Ki-67 dual-stained cytology triage of HPV-positive women: Results from the IMPACT trial","volume":"150","author":"Wright","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.21542","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of p16\/Ki-67 dual-stained cytology for managing women with abnormal Papanicolaou cytology: PALMS study results","volume":"123","author":"Bergeron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv257","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv257","article-title":"p16\/Ki-67 Dual Stain Cytology for Detection of Cervical Precancer in HPV-Positive Women","volume":"107","author":"Wentzensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22103","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the accuracy of p16 or p16\/Ki-67 immunocytochemistry versus HPV testing for the detection of CIN2+\/CIN3+ in triage of women with minor abnormal cytology","volume":"127","author":"Peeters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22248","article-title":"Interlaboratory concordance of p16\/Ki-67 dual-staining interpretation in HPV-positive women in a screening population","volume":"128","author":"Benevolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.12426","article-title":"Intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of CINtec\u00ae PLUS in ThinPrep\u00ae cytology preparations","volume":"28","author":"McMenamin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interobserver variability and accuracy of p16\/Ki-67 dual immunocytochemical staining on conventional cervical smears","volume":"14","author":"Prevodnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.21233","article-title":"Evaluation of p16INK4a\/Ki-67 dual stain in comparison with an mRNA human papillomavirus test on liquid-based cytology samples with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion","volume":"121","author":"Christensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.21473","article-title":"Interobserver reproducibility and accuracy of p16\/Ki-67 dual-stain cytology in cervical cancer screening","volume":"122","author":"Wentzensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22385","article-title":"Determinants of p16\/Ki-67 adequacy and positivity in HPV-positive women from a screening population","volume":"129","author":"Benevolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2018.06.014","article-title":"Methylation of the hsa-miR-124, SOX1, TERT, and LMX1A genes as biomarkers for precursor lesions in cervical cancer","volume":"150","author":"Rogeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1159\/000450595","article-title":"Virtues and Weaknesses of DNA Methylation as a Test for Cervical Cancer Prevention","volume":"60","author":"Lorincz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00347","article-title":"DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation in Cervical Cancer: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3251","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus DNA Methylation as a Biomarker for Cervical Precancer: Consistency across 12 Genotypes and Potential Impact on Management of HPV-Positive Women","volume":"24","author":"Clarke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00886-6","article-title":"Current status of development of methylation biomarkers for in vitro diagnostic IVD applications","volume":"12","author":"Sokolowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4210","article-title":"Methylation-specific digital karyotyping of HPV16E6E7-expressing human keratinocytes identifies novel methylation events in cervical carcinogenesis","volume":"231","author":"Steenbergen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-9-167","article-title":"Methylation-mediated silencing and tumour suppressive function of hsa-miR-124 in cervical cancer","volume":"9","author":"Wilting","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0237","article-title":"Methylation Analysis of the FAM19A4 Gene in Cervical Scrapes Is Highly Efficient in Detecting Cervical Carcinomas and Advanced CIN2\/3 Lesions","volume":"7","author":"Meijer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202616","article-title":"CADM1, MAL and miR124-2 methylation analysis in cervical scrapes to detect cervical and endometrial cancer","volume":"67","author":"Steenbergen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32614","article-title":"FAM19A4\/miR124-2 methylation in invasive cervical cancer: A retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study","volume":"147","author":"Vink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu, Q., Wang, S., Ma, J., Zhou, X., Hu, G., Deng, H., Sun, X., Hong, X., Wu, H., and Zhang, L. (2018). The clinical significance of FAM19A4 methylation in high-risk HPV-positive cervical samples for the detection of cervical (pre)cancer in Chinese women. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4877-5"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33320","article-title":"Methylation markers FAM19A4 and miR124-2 as triage strategy for primary human papillomavirus screen positive women: A large European multicenter study","volume":"148","author":"Bonde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2016.02.012","article-title":"Validation of the FAM19A4\/mir124-2 DNA methylation test for both lavage- and brush-based self-samples to detect cervical (pre)cancer in HPV-positive women","volume":"141","author":"Verhoef","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70019-1","article-title":"Triage by methylation-marker testing versus cytology in women who test HPV-positive on self-collected cervicovaginal specimens (PROHTECT-3): A randomised controlled non-inferiority trial","volume":"15","author":"Verhoef","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28138","article-title":"CADM1 and MAL promoter methylation levels in hrHPV-positive cervical scrapes increase proportional to degree and duration of underlying cervical disease","volume":"133","author":"Bierkens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.200","article-title":"FAM19A4 methylation analysis in self-samples compared with cervical scrapes for detecting cervical (pre)cancer in HPV-positive women","volume":"115","author":"Luttmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33566","article-title":"Classification of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by p16ink4a, Ki-67, HPV E4 and FAM19A4\/miR124-2 methylation status demonstrates considerable heterogeneity with potential consequences for management","volume":"149","author":"Vink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24882-2","article-title":"Influence of age on histologic outcome of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia during observational management: Results from large cohort, systematic review, meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Bekos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00667-4","article-title":"Cervical cancer screening using HPV tests on self-samples: Attitudes and preferences of women participating in the VALHUDES study","volume":"79","author":"Donders","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2021.06.010","article-title":"Clinical and analytical evaluation of the RealTime High Risk HPV assay in Colli-Pee collected first-void urine using the VALHUDES protocol","volume":"162","author":"Peeters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591452","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.591452","article-title":"Simultaneous Detection and Viral DNA Load Quantification of Different Human Papillomavirus Types in Clinical Specimens by the High Analytical Droplet Digital PCR Method","volume":"11","author":"Rotondo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-017-0331-y","article-title":"Digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) for the detection and quantification of HPV 16, 18, 33 and 45\u2014A short report","volume":"40","author":"Larsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/95.1.46","article-title":"Baseline Cytology, Human Papillomavirus Testing, and Risk for Cervical Neoplasia: A 10-Year Cohort Analysis","volume":"95","author":"Sherman","year":"2003","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx225","article-title":"Relative Performance of HPV and Cytology Components of Cotesting in Cervical Screening","volume":"110","author":"Schiffman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3772-5","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Primary HPV Testing, Cytology and Co-testing as Cervical Cancer Screening for Women above Age 30 Years","volume":"31","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(81)90549-4","article-title":"Cervicography: A new method for cervical cancer detection","volume":"139","author":"Stafl","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2016.59.3.227","article-title":"Korean Cervicography Research Group Development and validation of novel digitalized cervicography system","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy225","article-title":"An Observational Study of Deep Learning and Automated Evaluation of Cervical Images for Cancer Screening","volume":"111","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2022, April 21). PMA Monthly Approvals from 3\/1\/2020 to 3\/31\/2020, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/136682\/download."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaa066","article-title":"Accuracy and Efficiency of Deep-Learning\u2013Based Automation of Dual Stain Cytology in Cervical Cancer Screening","volume":"113","author":"Wentzensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/6\/1508\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:36:07Z","timestamp":1760139367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/6\/1508"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"references-count":196,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12061508"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12061508","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]}}}