{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:20:56Z","timestamp":1792797656571,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HEiKA research project grant","award":["HEiKA_19\u201317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEiKA_19\u201317"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Craniosynostosis is a condition caused by the premature fusion of skull sutures, leading to irregular growth patterns of the head. Three-dimensional photogrammetry is a radiation-free alternative to the diagnosis using computed tomography. While statistical shape models have been proposed to quantify head shape, no shape-model-based classification approach has been presented yet. Methods: We present a classification pipeline that enables an automated diagnosis of three types of craniosynostosis. The pipeline is based on a statistical shape model built from photogrammetric surface scans. We made the model and pathology-specific submodels publicly available, making it the first publicly available craniosynostosis-related head model, as well as the first focusing on infants younger than 1.5 years. To the best of our knowledge, we performed the largest classification study for craniosynostosis to date. Results: Our classification approach yields an accuracy of 97.8 %, comparable to other state-of-the-art methods using both computed tomography scans and stereophotogrammetry. Regarding the statistical shape model, we demonstrate that our model performs similar to other statistical shape models of the human head. Conclusion: We present a state-of-the-art shape-model-based classification approach for a radiation-free diagnosis of craniosynostosis. Our publicly available shape model enables the assessment of craniosynostosis on realistic and synthetic data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12071516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T21:55:19Z","timestamp":1655848519000},"page":"1516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Radiation-Free Classification Pipeline for Craniosynostosis Using Statistical Shape Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7501-9222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Schaufelberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9941-6772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinald","family":"K\u00fchle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2868-6492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Wachter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0222-7060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"Weichel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niclas","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0572-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friedemann","family":"Ringwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Eisenmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1322-755X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4289-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Freudlsperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8095-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Werner","family":"Nahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32208","article-title":"A Population-Based Study of Craniosynostosis in Metropolitan Atlanta, 1989\u20132003","volume":"146A","author":"Boulet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. 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