{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T02:50:15Z","timestamp":1781059815317,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Th\u00fcringer Universit\u00e4ts-"},{"name":"Landesbibliothek Jena, Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Facial Feedback Hypothesis (FFH) states that facial emotion recognition is based on the imitation of facial emotional expressions and the processing of physiological feedback. In the light of limited and contradictory evidence, this hypothesis is still being debated. Therefore, in the present study, emotion recognition was tested in patients with central facial paresis after stroke. Performance in facial vs. auditory emotion recognition was assessed in patients with vs. without facial paresis. The accuracy of objective facial emotion recognition was significantly lower in patients with vs. without facial paresis and also in comparison to healthy controls. Moreover, for patients with facial paresis, the accuracy measure for facial emotion recognition was significantly worse than that for auditory emotion recognition. Finally, in patients with facial paresis, the subjective judgements of their own facial emotion recognition abilities differed strongly from their objective performances. This pattern of results demonstrates a specific deficit in facial emotion recognition in central facial paresis and thus provides support for the FFH and points out certain effects of stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12071721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T21:00:28Z","timestamp":1658091628000},"page":"1721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Is There a Difference in Facial Emotion Recognition after Stroke with vs. without Central Facial Paresis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-5402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Maria","family":"Kuttenreich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Facial-Nerve-Center Jena, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Center of Rare Diseases Jena, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"von Piekartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Osnabr\u00fcck University of Applied Sciences, Albrechtstr. 30, 49076 Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Heim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM\u22121), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Leo-Brand-Str. 5, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.01.001","article-title":"Emotion Perception from Face, Voice, and Touch: Comparisons and Convergence","volume":"21","author":"Schirmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Young, A., Perrett, D., Calder, A., Sprengelmeyer, R., and Ekman, P. (2002). Facial Expressions of Emotion\u2014Stimuli and Tests (FEEST), Thames Valley Test Company."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Knapp, M.L., Hall, J.A., and Horgan, T.G. (2013). Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction, Cengage Learning."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.30.020179.002523","article-title":"Facial Expression of Emotion","volume":"30","author":"Ekman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Diener, H.C. (2020, June 25). Available online: https:\/\/www.pschyrembel.de\/Parese\/K0GCP\/doc\/."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"313","article-title":"Training Emotional Processing in Persons With Brain Injury","volume":"5","author":"Zupan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.11.002","article-title":"The facial motor system","volume":"38","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073911410743","article-title":"Basic Emotion Questions","volume":"3","author":"Levenson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"151","article-title":"Universal Facial Expressions of Emotion","volume":"8","author":"Ekman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Calif. Ment. Health Res. Dig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939208411068","article-title":"An argument for basic emotions","volume":"6","author":"Ekman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00221","article-title":"Unconscious Facial Reactions to Emotional Facial Expressions","volume":"11","author":"Dimberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.06.758","article-title":"Facial expression recognition: Age, gender and exposure duration impact","volume":"84","author":"Boloorizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pro-Cedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390802255635","article-title":"Explicit identification and implicit recognition of facial emotions: I. Age effects in males and femals across 10 decades","volume":"31","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206544","article-title":"Photographs of facial expression: Accuracy, response times, and ratings of in-tensity","volume":"36","author":"Palermo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2006.05.002","article-title":"A female advantage in the recognition of emotional facial ex-pressions: Test of an evolutionary hypothesis","volume":"27","author":"Hampson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging","volume":"4","author":"Ruffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Behav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1179\/2042618613Y.0000000063","article-title":"Reduction of head and face pain by challenging lateralization and basic emotions: A proposal for future assessment and rehabilitation strategies","volume":"22","author":"Mohr","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Man. Manip. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073913489750","article-title":"Emotions emerge from more basic psychological ingredients: A modern psychological constructionist model","volume":"5","author":"Lindquist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02331-7","article-title":"A short review on emotion processing: A lateralized network o neuronal networks","volume":"227","author":"Amunts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/0964704X.2018.1524683","article-title":"A historical review of investigations on laterality of emotions in the human brain","volume":"28","author":"Gianotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hist. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mohr, G., Konnerth, V., and von Piekartz, H.J.M. (2015). Lateralit\u00e4tserkennung und (emotionale) Expressionen des Gesichts\u2014Beurteilung und Behandlung. Kiefer, Gesichts-und Zervikalregion, Thieme."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550611406138","article-title":"Embodied Emotion Perception: Amplifying and Dampening Facial Feedback modulates Emotion Perception Accuracy","volume":"2","author":"Neal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2004.01.005","article-title":"Simulationist models of face-based emotion recognition","volume":"94","author":"Goldman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Bartolome, G. (2010). Grundlagen der Funktionellen Dysphagietherapie (FDT): Restituierende Therapieverfahren. Schluckst\u00f6rungen: Diagnostik und Rehabilitation, Urban & Fischer."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Neely, J.G. (2014). Central Causes of Facial Paralysis. The Facial Nerve, Thieme."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Klingner, C.M., and Witte, O.W. (2016). Central Facial Palsy. Facial Nerve Disorders and Diseases: Diagnosis and Management, Thieme."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-100228","article-title":"F\u00e4higkeit von Patienten mit einer peripheren Fazialisparese zur Erkennung von Emotionen\u2014Eine Pilotstudie","volume":"55","author":"Konnerth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.07.015","article-title":"Delayed recognition of emotional facial expressions in Bell\u2019s palsy","volume":"120","author":"Storbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2015.2347","article-title":"Asymmetry of Facial Mimicry and Emotion Perception in Patients With Unilateral Facial Paralysis","volume":"18","author":"Korb","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-5380-4-11","article-title":"Botulinum toxin-induced facial muscle paralysis affects amygdala responses to the perception of emotional expressions: Preliminary findings from an A-B-A design","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Mood Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.768","article-title":"Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis","volume":"54","author":"Strack","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610374742","article-title":"Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin-A Affects","volume":"21","author":"Havas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000194","article-title":"When did her smile drop? Facial mimicry and the influences of emotional state on the detection of change in emotional expression","volume":"15","author":"Niedenthal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617701020136","article-title":"Emotional experience and perception in the absence of facial feedback","volume":"8","author":"Keillor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910903395692","article-title":"Facial mimicry is not necessary to recognize emotion: Facial expression recognition by people with Moebius syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Bogart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/026432900380490","article-title":"Facial Expression Recognition by People with M\u00f6bius Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Calder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuriakose, D., and Xiao, Z. (2020). Pathophysiology and Treatment of Stroke: Present Status und Future Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207609"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1300965","article-title":"Erkrankungen des Nervus facialis","volume":"91","author":"Finkensieper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303993","article-title":"Facial bradynkinesia","volume":"84","author":"Bologna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00230","article-title":"Altered Kinematics of Facial Emotion Expression and Emotion Recognition Deficits Are Unrelated in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Bologna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.01.013","article-title":"Bradykinesia of psed smiling and voluntary movement of the lower face in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Marsili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000353440","article-title":"Review of Emotion Recognition in Stroke Patients","volume":"36","author":"Yuvaraj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dement. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Vaughan, A., Copley, A., and Miles, A. (2021). Physical rehabilitation of central facial palsy: A survey of current multi-disciplinary practice. Int. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol., 1\u201310."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.2.531","article-title":"The Montreal Affective Voices: A validated set of nonverbal affect bursts for research on auditory affective processing","volume":"40","author":"Belin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Herzer, S., and Maigler, A. (2016). Eine Revision der Referenzwerte der sechs Basisemotionen des CRAFTA Face-Mirroring Programms. Eine Querschnittstudie, Hochschule Osnabr\u00fcck."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"CRAFTA Cranio Facial Therapy Academy (2019, January 28). Operating Guidelines CRAFTA Facemirroring Assessment and Treatment. Available online: https:\/\/www.myfacetraining.com\/downloads\/CRAFTA%20Operating%20Guidelines.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12249","article-title":"People with chronic facial pain per-form worse than controls at a facial emotion recognition task, but it is not all about the emotion","volume":"42","author":"Wallwork","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2019, August 27). Myfacetraining. Available online: https:\/\/www.myfacetraining.com\/."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Peirce, J.W., and MacAskill, M.R. (2018). Building Experiments in PsychoPy, Sage."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200411000-00026","article-title":"Expression of Emotion and Quality of Life After Facial Nerve Paralysis","volume":"25","author":"Coulson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otol. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-59989670206-1","article-title":"Development of a sensitive clinical facial grading system","volume":"114","author":"Ross","year":"1996","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"168","article-title":"Validierung einer Deutschen Version des Sunnybrook Facial Grading Systems","volume":"96","author":"Neumann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guntinas-Lichius, O., and Finkensieper, M. (2016). Grading. Facial Nerve Disorders and Diseases: Diagnosis and Management, Thieme.","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0036-140476"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000905","article-title":"Facial Nerve Grading Instruments: Systematic Review of the Literature and Suggestion for Uniformity","volume":"135","author":"Fattah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.3244","article-title":"IncobotulinumtoxinA treatment of facial nerve palsy after neurosurgery","volume":"381","author":"Akulov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(06)70026-5","article-title":"Mime therapy improves facial symmetry in people with long-term facial nerve paresis: A randomised controlled trail","volume":"52","author":"Beurskens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14508","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014508","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of thread-embedding acupuncture for treatment of the sequelae of Bell\u2019s palsy: A protocol for a patient-assessor blinded, randomized, controlled, parallel clinical trial","volume":"98","author":"Goo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2015.1083121","article-title":"The effect of subthreshold continuous electrical stimulation on the facial function of patients with Bell\u2019s palsy","volume":"136","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"6","article-title":"Autobiografische Erinnerungen bei Behandlung zentraler Fazialisparesen","volume":"32","author":"Kuttenreich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forum Logop\u00e4die"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"246","article-title":"Acupuncture for the sequelae of Bell\u2019s palsy: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trails"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15120","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015120","article-title":"Efficacy of laser acupuncture for patients with chronic Bell\u2019s palsy: A study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial","volume":"98","author":"Ton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Cambridge Dictionary (2020, September 09). Quick and Dirty. Available online: https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/de\/worterbuch\/englisch\/quick-and-dirty."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM) (2018, June 23). DEGAM-Leitlinie Nr. 8 Schlaganfall. Available online: https:\/\/www.awmf.org\/uploads\/tx_szleitlinien\/053-011l_S3_Schlaganfall_2012-abgelaufen.pdf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Lozano, E., Lopez-Otero, P., Docio-Fernandez, L., Argones-R\u00faa, E., and Alba-Castro, J.L. (2013, January 21). Audiovisual Three-Level Fusion for Continuous Estimation of Russell\u2019s emotion Circumplex. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Audio\/Visual Emotion Challenge, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/2512530.2512534"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Rehabilitation (2019, September 23). Arbeitshilfe f\u00fcr die Rehabilitation von Schlaganfallpatienten. Available online: https:\/\/www.bar-frankfurt.de\/service\/publikationen\/produktdetails\/produkt\/65.html."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2019, September 18). Internationale Klassifikation der Funktionsf\u00e4higkeit, Behinderung und Gesundheit (ICF). Available online: https:\/\/www.dimdi.de\/dynamic\/de\/klassifikationen\/downloads\/?dir=icf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000194","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of the Facial Feedback Literature: Effects of Facial Feedback on Emotion Experience Are Small and Variable","volume":"145","author":"Coles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"9","article-title":"Emotionale Auswirkung einer Fazialisparese","volume":"92","author":"Dobel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Taylor, G.J., and Bagby, R.M. (2000). An overview of the alexithymia construct. The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Development, Assessment, and Application at Home, School, and in the Workplace, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Beushausen, U., and Gr\u00f6tzbach, H. (2011). Evidenzbasierte Sprachtherapie: Grundlagen und Praxis, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Dollaghan, C. (2007). The Handbook for Evidence-Based Practice in Communication Disorders, Paul H. Books."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp041120","article-title":"Clinical Practice: Bell\u2019s Palsy","volume":"351","author":"Gilden","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2015.02.003","article-title":"Perceiving and remembering emotional facial ex-pressions\u2014A basis facet of emotional intelligence","volume":"50","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073918776776","article-title":"Four-branch model of ability emotion intelligence with fluid and crystallized intelligence: A meta-analysis of relations","volume":"11","author":"Olderbak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2019.1632801","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the relationship between emotion recognition ability and intelligence","volume":"2","author":"Schlegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1945-6","article-title":"Emotional facedness in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"125","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2016.1273118","article-title":"Measuring emotion perception following traumatic brain injury: The Complex Audio Visual Emotion Assessment Task (CAVEAT)","volume":"29","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988509300202","article-title":"Facial nerve grading system","volume":"93","author":"House","year":"1985","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2018, June 11). Online Psychology Research. Montreal Affective Voices. Available online: https:\/\/experiments.psy.gla.ac.uk\/\/index.php."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00509","article-title":"The \u201cMusical Emotional Bursts\u201d: A validated set of musical affect bursts to investigate auditory affective processing","volume":"4","author":"Paquette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007572","article-title":"The Auto-eFACE: Machine Learning-Enhanced Program Yields Automated Facial Palsy Assessment Tool","volume":"147","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/7\/1721\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:51:16Z","timestamp":1760140276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/7\/1721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12071721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12071721","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]}}}