{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T01:17:01Z","timestamp":1785460621930,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A new nationwide screening strategy was implemented in Germany in January 2020. No data are available for women referred to certified dysplasia units for secondary clarification after primary diagnosis by a local physician. We therefore investigated combined testing with Papanicolaou smears and high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) and compared the data with the final histological findings. Methods: Between January 2015 and October 2020, all referred women who underwent colposcopy of the uterine cervix in our certified dysplasia unit were included. Cytology findings were classified using the Munich III nomenclature. Results: A total of 3588 colposcopies were performed in 3118 women, along with Pap smear and hrHPV co-testing, followed by histology. Women with Pap II-p (ASC-US) and a positive hrHPV co-test had a 22.4% risk for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3\/high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). The risk of CIN 3\/HSIL was 83.8% in women with Pap IVa-p (HSIL) and a positive hrHPV co-test. A positive hrHPV co-test increased the risk for HSIL+ (OR 5.942; 95% CI, 4.617 to 7.649; p &lt; 0.001) as compared to a negative hrHPV co-test. Conclusions: The accuracy of Pap smears is comparable with the screening results. A positive hrHPV test increases the risk for HSIL+ fivefold. Colposcopy is necessary to diagnose HSIL+ correctly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12071748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T23:10:22Z","timestamp":1658272222000},"page":"1748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cytology and High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Test for Cervical Cancer Screening Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0729-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik A.","family":"Stuebs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen\u2013European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Universitaetsstrasse 21\u201323, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin C.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital ANregiomed Ansbach, Escherichstra\u00dfe 1, 91522 Ansbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna K.","family":"Dietl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen\u2013European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Universitaetsstrasse 21\u201323, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Geppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Erlangen University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen\u2013European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 8\u201310, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arndt","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Erlangen University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen\u2013European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 8\u201310, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Kn\u00f6ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias W.","family":"Beckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen\u2013European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Universitaetsstrasse 21\u201323, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grit","family":"Mehlhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Erlangen University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen\u2013European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 8\u201310, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Gynecology Consultancy Practice, German Cancer Society [DKG] and Committee on Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy [AG-CPC] Certified Gynaecological Dysplasia Consultancy Practice, Frauenarztpraxis Erlangen, Neust\u00e4dter Kirchenplatz 1a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla E.","family":"Schulmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen\u2013European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Universitaetsstrasse 21\u201323, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4239-5528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Gass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen\u2013European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Universitaetsstrasse 21\u201323, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Barnes, B., Kraywinkel, K., Nowossadeck, E., Sch\u00f6nfeld, I., Starker, A., Wienecke, A., and Wolf, U. 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