{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T02:27:59Z","timestamp":1772764079329,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesiodens are the most common supernumerary teeth and are detected incidentally during routine radiographic examination, so late diagnosis complications are very common. The dentist must make a timely diagnosis and thus avoid clinical complications. Despite advances in knowledge of dental morphogenesis and differentiation, the etiology of mesiodens remains unclear. Therefore, several theories have been postulated to explain how and why they develop. It was described in the literature that heredity could play an important role in the appearance of supernumerary teeth, with a higher rate of appearance in relatives of those affected. This article reports three cases, a mother and two children, who present mesiodens, which shows that supernumerary teeth may involve a genetic factor. In addition, a literature review was carried out to assess the importance of the genetic factor as a possible cause of mesiodens. The relevance and implications of timely diagnosis in clinical practice to avoid manifestations of clinical complications are discussed. Therefore, the identification of the genetic risk factors responsible for the formation of supernumerary teeth is essential for developing a screening tool to determine an individual\u2019s genetic risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12081869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T21:41:37Z","timestamp":1659476497000},"page":"1869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Non-Syndromic Familial Mesiodens: Presentation of Three Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Josefa","family":"Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School-Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Master in Dental Science, Dental School-Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Telma S.","family":"Masuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomorphology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bahia Federal University (ICS-UFBA), Salvador 402331-300, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo Navarro","family":"C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School-Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School-Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Departament of Integral Adult Dentistry, Dental School-Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"216","article-title":"Clinical variations of double mesiodens: A review and case report","volume":"27","author":"Villavicencio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Odontol. Univ. Antioq."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"764050","article-title":"Supernumerary Teeth: Review of the Literature with Recent Updates","volume":"2014","author":"Mallineni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conf. Pap. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e414","article-title":"Prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and complications of supernumerary teeth","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2007.01.017","article-title":"Autosomal dominant inherence of multiple supernumerary teeth","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-263X.2002.00366.x","article-title":"Supernumerary teeth: Review of the literature and a survey of 152 cases","volume":"12","author":"Rajab","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"612","article-title":"Supernumerary teeth\u2014An overview of classification, diagnosis and management","volume":"65","author":"Garvey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Can. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.107455","article-title":"Genetics and presence of non-syndromic supernumerary teeth: A mystery case report and review of literature","volume":"3","author":"Khambete","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"362","article-title":"Mesiodens\u2014Diagnosis and management of a common supernumerary tooth","volume":"69","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Can. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(84)90163-8","article-title":"A unifying aetiological explanation for anomalies of human tooth number and size","volume":"29","author":"Brook","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"203","article-title":"An evaluation of mesiodentes: A retrospective study with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"5","author":"Akay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Selcuk. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0917-2394(06)70074-X","article-title":"Heredity may be one of the etiologies of supernumerary teeth","volume":"16","author":"Kawashima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-013-0082-z","article-title":"Aetiology of supernumerary teeth: A literature review","volume":"14","author":"Anthonappa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(69)90366-1","article-title":"Familial occurrence of mesiodens","volume":"27","author":"Sedano","year":"1969","journal-title":"Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"390","article-title":"Mirror image supplemental primary incisor teeth in twins: Case report and review","volume":"12","author":"Beere","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"116","article-title":"Bilateral mesiodentes of identical twins\u2014A case report","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zhonghua Ya Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"343","article-title":"Supernumerary mesiodentes with familial character: A clinical report","volume":"26","author":"Almeida","year":"1995","journal-title":"Quintessence. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-263X.1997.00237.x","article-title":"Mesiodentes in twins: A case report and a review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Seddon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"49","article-title":"Familial occurrence of mesiodentes with unusual findings: Case reports","volume":"29","author":"Marya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800390a","article-title":"Retention of permanent incisors by mesiodens: A family affair","volume":"188","author":"Gallas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s79","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.43538","article-title":"A rare case of concomitant hypo-hyperdontia in identical twins","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Indian. Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-1363.166928","article-title":"Nonsyndromic Familial Hyperdontia: Two Case Reports and Review of Literature","volume":"22","author":"Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Indian. Acad. Oral. Med. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.08.043","article-title":"Identical unerupted maxillary incisors in monozygotic twins","volume":"138","author":"Babacan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005641","article-title":"The Familial Rhino Tooth: Two Mesiodentes","volume":"30","author":"Vassiliou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"WMC001995","article-title":"Mesiodens and Impacted Incisor in Each of Monozygotic Twin Sisters: A Report of Two Fully Concordant Cases","volume":"2","author":"Witanowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"WebmedCentral DENTISTRY"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1870-199X(13)72022-6","article-title":"Dientes supernumerarios. Reporte de un caso cl\u00ednico","volume":"17","author":"Oropeza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Odontol\u00f3gica Mexicana"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2005.tb00347.x","article-title":"Epigenetic influences may explain dental differences in monozygotic twin pairs","volume":"50","author":"Townsend","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"95","article-title":"Different Impacted Teeth in Monozygotic Twins: Discussion of an unusual case","volume":"4","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.8.1.39","article-title":"Unerupted incisors","volume":"8","author":"Munns","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"41","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of supernumerary (mesiodens): A review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Meighani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e25","article-title":"Mesiodens as a risk factor in treatment of trauma cases","volume":"25","author":"Bani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent Traumatol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/8\/1869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:01:14Z","timestamp":1760140874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/8\/1869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12081869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12081869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]}}}