{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:19:34Z","timestamp":1783689574373,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["019\/35\/B\/NZ7\/00942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["019\/35\/B\/NZ7\/00942"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic may have a negative impact on the proper implementation of TB control programmes and may increase TB incidence rates in the near future. The aim of this study was to perform an epidemiological and molecular analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains cultured from tuberculosis patients in Poland in 2020 and to compare the results of monitoring drug-resistant tuberculosis in Poland with previous studies in 2012 and 2016. The analysis was based on questionnaires and strains sent by regional laboratories during the 12 months of 2020. Molecular analysis was performed by spoligotyping 20% of the strains sensitive to the four primary antimycobacterial drugs and all of the drug-resistant strains. The number of strains sent for analysis dropped threefold, from 4136 in 2012 to 1383 in 2020. The incidence of tuberculosis among men was higher than among women. There was an increase in strains\u2019 resistance to antimycobacterial drugs in both newly diagnosed patients, from 4.4% in 2012 to 6.1% in 2020, and previously treated patients, from 11.7% to 12.3%. Four-year resistance increased to 1% and 2.1%, respectively. The spoligotype SIT1 was the most abundant among the resistant strains (17%), and SIT53 (13.9%) was the most common among susceptible strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12081883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T20:52:01Z","timestamp":1659559921000},"page":"1883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tuberculosis in Poland: Epidemiological and Molecular Analysis during the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dagmara","family":"Borkowska-Tatar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2781-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zabost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1968-6818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Kozi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6162-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Augustynowicz-Kope\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). Global Tuberculosis Report 2021."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Korzeniewska-Kose\u0142a, M. (2021). Tuberculosis and Respiratory Tract Diseases in Poland in 2020, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"25","article-title":"Epidemiologia gru\u017alicy w Polsce\u2014Implikacje w praktyce lekarza rodzinnego","volume":"1","author":"Zielonka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forum Med. Rodz."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Korzeniewska-Kose\u0142a, M. (2020). Tuberculosis and Respiratory Tract Diseases in Poland in 2019, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Global Tuberculosis Report 2017."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.20883\/amp.2018\/2","article-title":"The new face of tuberculosis","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Med. Pol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"278","article-title":"MDR, pre-XDR and XDR drug-resistant tuberculosis in Poland in 2000\u20132009","volume":"79","author":"Brzostek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pneumonol. Alergol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Korzeniewska-Kose\u0142a, M. (2013). Tuberculosis and Respiratory Tract Diseases in Poland in 2012, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Korzeniewska-Kose\u0142a, M. (2017). Tuberculosis and Respiratory Tract Diseases in Poland in 2016, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.4.907-914.1997","article-title":"Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology","volume":"35","author":"Kamerbeek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"193","article-title":"Molecular genotyping methods in epidemiological investigations of TB infections","volume":"80","author":"Brzostek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pneumonol. Alergol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100767","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Iran using spoligotyping","volume":"38","author":"Ramazanzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Global Tuberculosis Report 2020."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001727","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01727-2020","article-title":"Epidemic and pandemic Vidal infections: Impact on tuberculosis and the lung: A consensus by the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid), Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN), and members of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC)","volume":"56","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"69","article-title":"COVID-19 and Tuberculosis: A Meeting of Two Pandemics","volume":"68","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003890","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03890-2020","article-title":"ERLTB-Net-2 study participants; Cirillo D. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis laboratory services in Europe","volume":"57","author":"Nikolayevskyy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2611.203163","article-title":"Worldwide Effects of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic on Tuberculosis Services, January\u2013April 2020","volume":"26","author":"Migliori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.12.012","article-title":"Tuberculosis and COVID-19 interaction: A review of biological, clinical and public health effects","volume":"27","author":"Visca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"569","article-title":"Epidemiology of tuberculosis in children and some problems of microbiological confirmation","volume":"9","author":"Zwolska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Post. Nauk Med."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Global Tuberculosis Report 2019."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30484-7","article-title":"Addressing social determinants to end tuberculosis","volume":"391","author":"Wingfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00434-X","article-title":"Fighting poverty to prevent tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"Saunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wingfield, T., Boccia, D., Tovar, M.A., Gavino, A., Zevallos, K., Montoya, R., L\u00f6nnroth, K., and Evans, C.A. (2014). Defining catastrophic costs and comparing their importance for adverse tuberculosis outcome with multi-drug resistance: A prospective cohort study, Peru. PLoS Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001675"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001348","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01348-2020","article-title":"COVID-19, tuberculosis and poverty: Preventing a perfect storm","volume":"56","author":"Saunders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11779","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.11779","article-title":"Forecasting Tuberculosis Incidence in Iran Using Box-Jenkins Models","volume":"16","author":"Moosazadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. Red. Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3195","article-title":"Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineale","volume":"47","author":"Merker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104126","article-title":"Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic lineages circulating in Riga and Riga region, Latvia, isolated between 2008 and 2012","volume":"78","author":"Polea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet Evol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.1930-1937.2002","article-title":"Spread of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of the Beijing genotype in the Archangel Oblast, Russia","volume":"40","author":"Toungoussova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3339-3345.2001","article-title":"Spread of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in Estonia","volume":"39","author":"Kruuner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2014.10.040","article-title":"Dominance of the Beijing genotype among XDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Russia","volume":"4","author":"Vyazovaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mycobacteriol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"55","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of multi- and extensively-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ireland, 2001\u20132014","volume":"76","author":"Roycroft","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9s, M., G\u00f6hring-Zwacka, E., Fiebig, L., Priwitzer, M., Richter, E., R\u00fcsch-Gerdes, S., Haas, W., Niemann, S., and Brodhun, B. (2017). Integration of molecular typing results into tuberculosis surveillance in Germany-A pilot study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188356"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/8\/1883\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:03:49Z","timestamp":1760141029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/8\/1883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12081883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12081883","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]}}}