{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:38:17Z","timestamp":1787168297775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of morbidity, hospitalisations, and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH). The lower CD4+ T-lymphocyte count in the course of HIV infection, the higher risk of active TB, and the higher odds for atypical clinical and radiologic TB presentation. These HIV-related alterations in TB presentation may cause diagnostic problems in patients not knowing they are infected with HIV. We report on a patient without any background medical conditions, who was referred to a hospital with a 4-month history of chest and feet pains, mild dry cough, fatigue, reduced appetite, and decreasing body weight. Chest X-ray revealed mediastinal lymphadenopathy, bilateral reticulonodular parenchymal opacities, and pleural effusion. A preliminary diagnosis of lymphoma, possibly with a superimposed infection was established. Further differential diagnostic process revealed pulmonary TB in the course of advanced HIV-1 disease, with a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of 107 cells\/mm3. The patient completed anti-tuberculous therapy and successfully continues on antiretroviral treatment. This case underlines the importance of screening for HIV in patients with newly diagnosed TB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12081886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T21:52:48Z","timestamp":1659649968000},"page":"1886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Atypical Pulmonary Tuberculosis as the First Manifestation of Advanced HIV Disease\u2014Diagnostic Difficulties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3808-7047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Kacprzak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Institute, Plocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Oniszh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4063-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Podlasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Marczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Cielniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6162-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Augustynowicz-Kope\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Witold","family":"Tomkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Institute, Plocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Szturmowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Institute, Plocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021). 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