{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T05:48:05Z","timestamp":1762062485999,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU-2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU-2566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) is the most common renal tumor among fetuses and infants before the age of 6 months. It usually behaves as a benign tumor. The prenatal features and outcomes of pregnancies with fetal CMN have never been systematically reviewed and analyzed, whereas neonatal or pediatric series have been published several times. The aims of this study are to (1) describe the prenatal natural course and prenatal sonographic char-acteristics of CMN; (2) determine the outcomes of pregnancies with fetal CMN; and (3) demonstrate typical sonographic images together with video clips of prenatal CMN, as an educational example based on our index case presented here. Methods: Studies focused on fetal CMN, including those consecutively published on PubMed from 1980 to June 2022 as well as the index case presented here, were identified and validated to perform a systematic review. The data of fetal imaging and the prenatal course of pregnancies were extracted for analysis. Results: The findings derived from 41 cases of review are as follows: (1) No single case has been diagnosed in the first half of pregnancy. No cases were detected during routine anomaly screening at mid-pregnancy. All cases were de-tected in the third trimester or late second trimester. (2) Polyhydramnios is very common and is the first clinical manifestation in most cases, leading to detailed ultrasound in the second half of pregnancy. (3) Preterm birth and low birth weight are the most common adverse pregnancy out-comes, resulting in neonatal morbidity. (4) Hydrops fetalis, though relatively rare, can be associated with CMN and is a grave sign. (5) Prenatal diagnosis is essential since it is critical for the antenatal plan, comprising either referral to a tertiary care center or proper surveillance to prevent serious obstetric complications, especially preterm birth. (6) Ultrasound is the primary tool for prenatal diagnosis of CMN, whereas MRI can be used as an adjunct if some other tumors are suspicious or sonographic features are not typical for CMN. Conclusion: In contrast to CMN in neonates, fetal CMN is much more serious since it significantly impacts adverse pregnancy outcomes and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The typical prenatal course and the sonographic features of CMN are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12081951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]],"date-time":"2022-08-14T21:09:06Z","timestamp":1660511346000},"page":"1951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prenatal Course and Sonographic Features of Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3389-6478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theera","family":"Tongsong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7891-0627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Watchareepohn","family":"Palangmonthip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wisit","family":"Chankhunaphas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4838-175X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suchaya","family":"Luewan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2008.03.052","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal renal tumors","volume":"43","author":"Isaacs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.727","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital mesoblastic nephroma in mid-second trimester by sonography and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21836","article-title":"Mesoblastic nephroma\u2014A report from the Gesellschaft fur P\u00e4diatrische Onkologie und H\u00e4matologie (GPOH)","volume":"106","author":"Furtwaengler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(00)80101-6","article-title":"Congenital mesoblastic nephroma: Report of a Case with review of the most significant literature","volume":"196","author":"Bisceglia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-21-289","article-title":"Cellular congenital mesoblastic nephroma detected by prenatal MRI: A case report and literature review","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4103\/JMU.JMU_79_20","article-title":"Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma and Neonatal Follow-up","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5942","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal management of congenital mesoblastic nephroma: Experience at a single center in China","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24034","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024034","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of fetal congenital mesoblastic nephroma by ultrasonography combined with MR imaging: A case report and literature review","volume":"100","author":"Che","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230297","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-230297","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital mesoblastic nephroma: A case with poor prognosis","volume":"12","author":"Mata","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2018.49696","article-title":"Fetal biparametric MR imaging in the diagnosis of congenital mesoblastic nephroma","volume":"44","author":"Manganaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2015.58.5.405","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital mesoblastic nephroma","volume":"58","author":"Do","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12286","article-title":"Maternal manifestation of Ballantyne\u2019s syndrome occurring concomitantly with the development of fetal congenital mesoblastic nephroma","volume":"40","author":"Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2013.14.2.361","article-title":"Cellular mesoblastic nephroma with liver metastasis in a neonate: Prenatal and postnatal diffusion-weighted MR imaging","volume":"14","author":"Ko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.22032","article-title":"Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of multicystic congenital mesoblastic nephroma","volume":"41","author":"Esmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2012.03.090","article-title":"Prenatal intrarenal neuroblastoma mimicking a mesoblastic nephroma: A case report","volume":"47","author":"Garnier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000336464","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital mesoblastic nephroma","volume":"33","author":"Montaruli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fetal. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgyn.2009.02.006","article-title":"Management of antenatal fetal abdominal tumors. Clues for the diagnosis of a congenital mesoblastic nephroma","volume":"38","author":"Boithias","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2007.22.2.357","article-title":"A case of fetal congenital mesoblastic nephroma with oligohydramnios","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.5.47","article-title":"Mesoblastic nephroma: A case report of prenatal detection by MR imaging","volume":"5","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2005.02.017","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital mesoblastic nephroma. A case report","volume":"12","author":"Bouquinet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)60422-3","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital mesoblastic nephroma associated with renal hypertension in a premature child","volume":"173","author":"Canning","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2004.00733.x","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital mesoblastic nephroma associated with renal hypertension in a premature child","volume":"11","author":"Siemer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2003.22.8.823","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital mesoblastic nephroma in 2 siblings","volume":"22","author":"Fuchs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0960-7692.2001.00538.x","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital mesoblastic nephroma","volume":"19","author":"Goldstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0960-7692.2001.00620.x","article-title":"Prenatal detection of mesoblastic nephroma by sonography and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"19","author":"Won","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050033","article-title":"Mesoblastic nephroma: Prenatal ultrasonographic and MRI features","volume":"30","author":"Irsutti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatric Radiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2000.00130.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of a fetal mesoblastic nephroma by 3D-ultrasound","volume":"15","author":"Schild","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.5.1324","article-title":"Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of a fetal renal mesoblastic nephroma occurring after transfer of a cryopreserved embryo","volume":"14","author":"Shibahara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"95","article-title":"Mesoblastic nephroma discovered by prenatal diagnosis","volume":"4","author":"Colombani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000264281","article-title":"The congenital mesoblastic nephroma: A case report of prenatal diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Haddad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fetal. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(93)90115-2","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis and treatment strategy for congenital mesoblastic nephroma","volume":"28","author":"Matsumura","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1025223","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by prenatal hemorrhage into a congenital mesoblastic nephroma. Case report","volume":"205","author":"Sailer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Klin. Padiatr."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Congenital mesoblastic nephroma (Bolande\u2019s tumor). Prenatal diagnosis","volume":"18","author":"Boulot","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"393","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital mesoblastic nephroma in association with polyhydramnios","volume":"84","author":"Burtner","year":"1988","journal-title":"W. V. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"257","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of a congenital mesoblastic nephroma. A case report","volume":"31","author":"Yambao","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90621-6","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of fetal renal mesoblastic nephroma","volume":"154","author":"Apuzzio","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1097-0096.1985.tb00017.x","article-title":"Mesoblastic nephroma: Prenatal sonographic detection","volume":"13","author":"Walter","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870130716","article-title":"Congenital mesoblastic nephroma: Prenatal ultrasonic findings and surgical excision in a very-low-birth-weight infant","volume":"13","author":"Howey","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870130711","article-title":"Prenatal appearance of a mesoblastic nephroma associated with polyhydramnios","volume":"13","author":"Geirsson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1983.2.12.555","article-title":"Prenatal sonographic detection of congenital mesoblastic nephroma in a monozygotic twin pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Ehman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1119.e1115","article-title":"Intrauterine demise due to congenital mesoblastic nephroma in a fetus conceived by assisted reproductive technology","volume":"95","author":"Shapiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199604)16:4<363::AID-PD858>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"The presence of hydrops fetalis in a fetus with congenital mesoblastic nephroma","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2008.01.008","article-title":"Congenital mesoblastic nephroma rich from mitosis after in vitro fertilization: A case report","volume":"43","author":"Arda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-001-0779-9","article-title":"Congenital mesoblastic nephroma associated with polyhydramnios and hypercalcemia","volume":"17","author":"Daskas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(94)00290-T","article-title":"Polyhydramnios and hypercalcemia associated with congenital mesoblastic nephroma: Case report and a new appraisal","volume":"85","author":"Fung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.08.011","article-title":"Antenatal Presentation of Wilms\u2019 Tumor","volume":"134","author":"Ogawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2000.00169.x","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital Wilms\u2019 tumor (nephroblastoma) presenting as fetal hydrops","volume":"16","author":"Vadeyar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050538","article-title":"Prenatal detection of a Wilms\u2019 tumor","volume":"29","author":"Beckwith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatric Radiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1997.16.1.69","article-title":"Antenatal diagnosis of Wilms tumor","volume":"16","author":"Suresh","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"506490","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of adrenal neuroblastoma: A case report with a brief review of the literature","volume":"2013","author":"Erol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E93","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1070-8651","article-title":"Prenatal Diagnosis of Adrenal Neuroblastoma-Differential Diagnosis of Suprarenal Masses in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Psarris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2016.59.5.407","article-title":"Fetal neuroblastoma: Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the prenatal and postnatal IV-S stage","volume":"59","author":"Werner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0096(199905)27:4<206::AID-JCU8>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Prenatal sonographic detection of adrenal hemorrhage confirmed by postnatal surgery","volume":"27","author":"Fang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5152\/balkanmedj.2015.151118","article-title":"Sonographic Diagnosis of Fetal Adrenal Hemorrhage Complicating a Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation","volume":"33","year":"2016","journal-title":"Balk. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2016.59.3.238","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of fetal adrenal hemorrhage and endocrinologic evaluation","volume":"59","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870230710","article-title":"Antenatal sonographic findings of fetal adrenal hemorrhage","volume":"23","author":"Strouse","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000201944","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of retroperitoneal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Asai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fetal. Diagn. Ther."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/8\/1951\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:07:49Z","timestamp":1760141269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/8\/1951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12081951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12081951","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]}}}