{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:40:41Z","timestamp":1787503241772,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Limited data showed changes in glomerulation in the bladder mucosa of patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) after intravesical hyaluronic acid (HA) bladder infusion. We aimed to investigate the above changes. (2) Methods: Medical records of IC patients were reviewed retrospectively, from January 2010 to October 2019. Patients who had received repeated cystoscopy after intravesical HA treatment were enrolled. The associations of multiple parameters, including the ages, symptoms, initial glomerulation stage, HA doses, and the interval period of repeated cystoscopy between the glomerulation change in the repeated cystoscopy were analyzed. (3) Results: Among the 35 patients, 9 cases (25.7%) showed better glomerulation grades in the repeated cystoscope (Group 1), 20 cases (57.1%) showed the same grades (Group 2), and 6 cases showed worse grades (Group 3). No difference was seen in the initial grades or treatment course among the three groups. The interval periods from the initial to the repeated cystoscopy of Group 1 were longer than Group 2 and Group 3 (p = 0.031). Group 3 presents an elder age trend than the other two groups. (4) Conclusion: Intravesical HA repaired bladder glomerulation in a small group of patients with IC. Prolonged treatment has potential benefits, while older age is possibly a negative factor. However, no strong correlation was found between the initial glomerulation grades or changes in glomerulation grades with clinical symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12082009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T21:05:51Z","timestamp":1661115951000},"page":"2009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Changes in Cystoscopic Findings after Intravesical Hyaluronic Acid Instillation Therapy in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0775-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Ju","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Ku","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Yun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Jer","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Pei","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)02243-4","article-title":"The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society","volume":"61","author":"Abrams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.09.019","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature for painful bladder syndrome\/interstitial cystitis: An ESSIC proposal","volume":"53","author":"Nordling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.01.086","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome: AUA guideline amendment","volume":"193","author":"Hanno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(78)90286-8","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis: Early diagnosis, pathology, and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Messing","year":"1978","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"486","article-title":"A survey on clinical practice of interstitial cystitis in Japan","volume":"4","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12214","article-title":"Advances in intravesical therapy for bladder pain syndrome (BPS)\/interstitial cystitis (IC)","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Low. Urin. Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20847","article-title":"Bladder Pain Syndrome Committee of the International Consultation on Incontinence","volume":"29","author":"Hanno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/1756287211398255","article-title":"Role of inflammation in bladder function and interstitial cystitis","volume":"3","author":"Grover","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Urol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09911.x","article-title":"Higher levels of cell apoptosis and abnormal E-cadherin expression in the urothelium are associated with inflammation in patients with interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"108","author":"Shie","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2018.11.033","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid improves pain symptoms more than bladder storage symptoms in women with interstitial cystitis","volume":"58","author":"Hung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/00365590410015876-1","article-title":"Treatment of interstitial cystitis with Cystistat: A hyaluronic acid product","volume":"39","author":"Kallestrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-007-0515-5","article-title":"Hyaluronan treatment of interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Riedl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-011-1546-5","article-title":"Impact of intravesical hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate on bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis","volume":"23","author":"Porru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.12.041","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and evidence-based treatment options","volume":"175","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2017.58.5.353","article-title":"Evaluation of the incidence and risk factors associated with persistent frequency in interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome and the efficacy of antimuscarinic treatment","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1590\/s1677-5538.ibju.2017.0713","article-title":"Impact of intravesical hyaluronic acid treatment on bladder inflammation in interstitial cystitis rat model","volume":"44","author":"Sahiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Braz. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12090","article-title":"Interleukin-6 levels in female rats with protaminesulfate-induced chronic cystitis treated with hyaluronic acid","volume":"20","author":"Lv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.02.030","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid decreases IL-6 and IL-8 secretion and permeability in an inflammatory model of interstitial cystitis","volume":"19","author":"Rooney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.10.022","article-title":"Do cystometric findings predict the results of intravesical hyaluronic acid in women with interstitial cystitis?","volume":"47","author":"Daha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80252-x","article-title":"Cystoscopic hydrodistention characteristics provide clinical and long-term prognostic features of interstitial cystitis after treatment","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.11.021","article-title":"Primary evaluation of patients suspected of having interstitial cystitis (IC)","volume":"45","author":"Nordling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000345047","article-title":"265 Morphological changes of bladder mucosa in patients who underwent instillation with combined sodium hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulphate (Ialuril(R))","volume":"91","author":"Costantini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1294-y","article-title":"Long-term results of intravesical hyaluronan therapy in bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis","volume":"22","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1742-y","article-title":"Intravesical hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate for bladder pain syn-drome\/interstitial cystitis: Long-term treatment results","volume":"23","author":"Cervigni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65933-0","article-title":"Intravesical hyaluronic acid in the treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis","volume":"156","author":"Morales","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2020.09.021","article-title":"The effect of intravesical hyaluronic acid therapy on urodynamic and clinical outcomes among women with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.02.029","article-title":"Development of glomerulations in younger women with interstitial cystitis","volume":"68","author":"Shear","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2040104.052","article-title":"New Frontiers or the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome\u2014Focused on Stem Cells, Platelet-Rich Plasma, and Low-Energy Shock Wave","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000735","article-title":"Improved symptoms and signs of refractory interstitial cystitis in women after intravesical Nanofat plus platelet-rich plasma grafting: A pilot study","volume":"85","author":"Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13235","article-title":"Histopathological characteristics of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome without Hunner lesion","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.03.020","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid: An effective alternative treatment of interstitial cystitis, recurrent urinary tract infections, and hemorrhagic cystitis?","volume":"51","author":"Iavazzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/8\/2009\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:12:16Z","timestamp":1760141536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/8\/2009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12082009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12082009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]}}}